A Farewell To Arms Essays - 505 Words

Ernest Hemingway’s classic novel, A Farewell to Arms, is one of the greatest love and war stories of all time. The success and authenticity of this tale is a direct result of Hemingway’s World War I involvement. The main character, Frederick Henry, encounters many of the same things as did Hemingway and creates a parallel between the author and character. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, July21, 1899. He was a very handsome, athletic, adventurous young man. When the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, Hemingway tried to enlist in the army. He was rejected due to an eye injury that he sustained during his high school football career. Hemingway’s bold, daring, personality†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hemingway’s World War I experience varies only slightly from that of Frederick Henry. One night while stationed in Fossalta, Hemingway rode his bicycle, while dodging the Austrian’s crossfire, to bring chocolate and cigarettes to his friends in a nearby trench. Soon after he arrived at the trench, the Austrian’s launched a five-gallon canister filled with scrap metal. Many of the Italians in the trench were badly injured. While trying to rescue one of the victims, a machine gun shot tore through Hemingway’s leg. He fell, but he managed to get back up, and hobble with the other man to safety. The two were taken to a shed filled with dying or already dead people. About two hours later Hemingway was, like Frederick Henry, transported to an emergency medical post in Milan for his leg wound. It was there that Hemingway fell in love with an American nurse from Washington, D.C. Her name was Sister Agnes Hannah von Kurowsky. She grew fond of young Hemingway, but was discouraged that she was thirty years old and he was only twenty. Nothing ever really became of their mutual attraction. Perhaps Hemingway tried to relive and recreate his love through Catherine and Frederick. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is obvious that Hemingway created Frederick Henry’s character and experiences from his own. Because he endured the very things he writes about the reader is captivated by his detailed, believable story. Hemingway almost â€Å"was† and created oneShow MoreRelatedFarewell to Arms1472 Words   |  6 PagesYou are all a lost generation -Gertrude Stein This quotations importance on author Earnest Hemmingway is reflected in his modern Romeo and Juliet novel entitled A Farewell to Arms. The recurring tone of the novel suggests that the only reality is the harsh truth which is anything but romantic and proves that in the end, all is futile. This generation in which Stein spoke of to Hemingway is the generation of romantic war times. This idea is symbolized in the character Catherine Barkleys visionRead MoreA Farewell to Arms1229 Words   |  5 PagesStruik English 10-01-2013 How Hemingway uses style and language to reflect the ideas and themes in A Farewell to Arms. There are plenty of novels about World War I, most of them are about the cruel life in the trenches, the physical stress and the awful numbers of deaths during the battle. As a reader you think that you have seen it all, but then this book comes along. A Farewell to Arms is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway, which presents the love story between Lieutenant Fredrick HenryRead MoreA Farewell to Arms Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesA Farewell to Arms, one of the most renowned masterpieces of Ernest Hemingway, is a detailed account of life during World War I, which depicts a gruesome and deleterious reality of a soldier by incorporating themes of impermanence and change. The author of this work tries to convey his notions about the concept of war and love. Throughout the novel, relationship between man and woman in a grim reality of war is frequently discussed. Thus, A Farewell to Arms paints Ernest Hemingway’s view of loveRead MoreA Farewell To Arms Analysis1066 Words   |   5 PagesA Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, tells a love story between Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley during World War I. In â€Å"A Powerful Beacon†: Love Illuminating Human Attachment in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Joel Armstrong discusses the impact love plays in the novel and the debate many critics have over what sort of love story A Farewell to Arms really is (Armstrong 1). Randall S. Wilhelm mentions Henry’s effort in badly concealing his attempt to suppress his lack of love for Barkley aboutRead MoreCinematography of A Farewell to Arms593 Words   |  2 Pagesfeeling. A good movie must have all these certain aspects. In the award winning film A Farewell to Arms all this aspects are used to there peak not only by its Lighting but also by its point of view shots and montages they make you feel as if you know what the character is feeling and what they are about to do. All these things have to be thought about while watching or even making a m ovie. A Farewell to Arms is a love story between an ambulance driver and a nurse who will stop at nothing to beRead MoreAnalysis Of A Farewell To Arms1720 Words   |  7 Pages In the story, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms’, by Ernst Hemmingway, it is about an American in the early 1900’s during the first World War. The setting takes place in Europe, and the location includes countries from Italy to Switzerland. The purpose of this story is to show the negative impacts of war and how it affects people and the problems it causes in the world. Most people are against armed conflict because war generally brings little good to the countries that partake in the war. In the end, the costRead More Farewell to Arms Essay540 Words   |  3 PagesFarewell to Arms Death is often represented by traditional symbols ranging from the color black to the common tombstone. Besides these icons, other signs can stand for mortality including rain. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway associates rain with death many times. Although rain is not usually considered a symbol of death, the main character Fredric Henry discovers this natural occurrence is a personal theme he relates with death. The first time Hemingway uses the connection betweenRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms Assessment1649 Words   |  7 PagesA Farewell to Arms Assessment I believe Hemingway had been foreshadowing the novel’s outcome after the statement, â€Å"we did not do the things we wanted to do; we never did such things† had been expressed. This relates to the events later in the story when Henry has to decide whether or not he should stay in the army and when Catherine Barkley had passed away. When Henry had first started out in the army, he had full intentions of seeing the war all the way through but as it continued and seemedRead MoreAnalysis Of A Farewell To Arms1656 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"offensive views† on the outlook of life and the inappropriateness of its content. â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† is a great informational book; however, the book contains many points that are offensive to readers and it partakes inappropriate content. Therefore, some of the major reasons â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† should be banned is because of the abuse of alcohol, its view of the war and the sexual content in it. The book â€Å"A Farewell to Arms takes place during World War I. The book is about Henry, a young English manRead More A Farewell To Arms Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway is based largely on Hemingways own personal experiences. The main character of the book, Frederic Henry experiences many of the same situations that Hemingway experienced. Some of these experiences are exactly the same, while some are less similar, and some events have a completely different outcome. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Farewell to Arms is the book of Frederic Henry, an American driving an ambulance for the Italian Army during World War I. The

The Parenting Styles That Has Changed Your Life With New...

Congratulations on your new little bundle of joy and entering into your next chapter in life. Motherhood will changed every aspect of your life with new challenges and rewards every day. You may feel over whelmed right now with the lack of sleep and new responsibilities, but remember to cherish every moment with your child because the time flies. When asking my mother about the greatest moments of raising a child, her first responses included simple memories. For example, when I smiled at her one day revealing two baby teeth. Remember your friends and family will be a great support system, but always follow your instinct instead of following all their advice. Your new role will be overwhelming at time. Therefore, I have written a letter with helpful advice and guidance to assistance you along this new amazing journey. When disciplining your child remember that the strongest influence on your parenting style is how your parents raised you (Brimhall, 2015). The three parenting styles that Barumrind discovered includes authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. These patterns parents display when raising their child can positively or negatively impact your child’s development. Parents who demonstrate authoritative parenting style are firm control on the child’s behaviors, but allow the child to develop autonomy. Unlike authoritative parenting style, authoritarian parenting style does not promote independency. Lastly, permissive parenting style is over indulgent with noShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Battle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesof two, a Yale professor, Chinese-American after she wrote the book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother in 2011. Chua has received death threats, blackmails, and different kinds of criticism regarding on how she raises her kids in the Chinese parenting style. In her book, She - argues how Chinese parenting style is not only different but also superior compared to the Western style, which has invoked verbal attack from her readers. Chua believes that the stricter and more involved mothers are to their childrenRead MoreInterview About A Friend Of Mine1741 Words   |  7 Pageshow she parents her child. She is 25 years old, married, and has a 6-year-old girl named Audrey. I actually had to conduct a phone interview because she lives in a different city and I wasn’t able to meet up with her. I explained to her that I would be writing a paper about her experience as a parent, her family relationship, and even some questions about her child. I made sure that she knew that the names in the paper would be changed so she would remain confidential. Before the interview startedRead MoreThe Psychological Factors That Shaped My Childhood And Adolescence1449 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"To be successful y ou need to face your hardest opponent†¦ yourself.† –Dillon Boucher. In order to face ourselves, we must know who we are and why we do certain things. Psychology allows us to do this. It is the study of people. This science allows us to look into who we are and what we are. By understanding what and how everything you do can help you make improvements. This allows the body and mind to work together, so it can give you the knowledge to help make better decisions and avoid stressfulRead MoreM1 AND D1 Development through life stages3017 Words   |  13 Pagesintellectual, emotional and social development of two stages of the development of the individual (D1). Nature can be loosely defined as genetic inheritance or the genetic makeup (the information encoded in your genes) which a person inherits from both parents at the time of conception and carries throughout life. Several things in an individual genetically inherits include; ranging from gender, eye colour, risks for certain diseases and exceptional talents to height. The concept of nature thus refers to biologicallyRead MoreGenerational Poverty Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Introduction This week in class the focus has been on generational poverty. There are a lot of key factors that lead to poverty. Poverty does not exist because people want it to. Poverty is a way of life for those who don’t know another way and feel that they don’t have a way out. Every day in society people turn their heads or frown up their nose at people who they see living in poverty because they think they are better than them and will not lift a hand to help them out. The bigRead MoreGender Identity As An Axis Of Social Order1611 Words   |  7 PagesGender is considered an axis of social order. Its categorisation into masculinity and femininity is social constructed and maintained in everyday life (Clark and Page, 2005; Mackie, 1994). Gender identity is our innermost understanding of our self as ‘male’ or ‘female’. Most people develop a gender identity that matched their biological sex (their body). Gender identity can be affected by, and is di fferent from one society to another, depending on the way the members of society evaluate the roleRead MoreThe Advantages Of Authoritative Parenting1804 Words   |  8 PagesAdvantages of Authoritative Parenting As a parent, there is an abundance of techniques and worries to consider when raising children. What school should they attend? What neighborhood should they grow up in? What food should they eat? What should they be involved in? The list goes on and on, yet one of the most underlooked topics of parenting to consider is decision making. Decisions are a constant part of life, and as a parent, you not only make them for yourself, but also for your children. The most commonRead MoreInterview Summary – Tessy Hunt. This Interview Process1244 Words   |  5 Pagesdirect support counselor for individuals with special needs. The people who Tessy serve, face challenges that not everyone is equipped to support. I chose to interview Ms. Hunt because she provides actual services for a group of individuals who are not allowed the same opportunities and same rights that many of us take for granted. I have known Tessy for several years, and I know that her line of work has changed her; she is now a better listener, she is more observant, caring, and patient than she everRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits3406 Words   |  14 Pages2. List and describe the â€Å"The Big Five Personality Traits.† Which one best fits your personality and why? Kathleen Berger defines â€Å"The Big Five Personality Traits† as â€Å"the five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout life: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism,† (Berger p 198). Openness consists of creativity and knowledgeability. Sanjay Srivastava describes conscientiousness as being â€Å"traits like organized, thorough and planfulRead MoreRaising A Virtual Child And Moving Through Adulthood2225 Words   |  9 PagesRaising a virtual child and moving through adulthood was a lot more complicated than I thought it would be. It was difficult trying to choose the â€Å"right† decision that you thought would be best for your child and for yourself. Each decision that was made affects your child and your life somehow or another. The program allowed me to monitor the effects of the decisions over a period of time that I made for my virtual child Canaan and how those decisions affected his pers onality and future. The program

Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. Answer: What is Down Syndrome? Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused due to the abnormal division of cells which leads to an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21 (Sherman et al, 2007). Jerome Lejeune, a French physician, developed the cause of down syndrome in 1959 (National Down Syndrome Society). In case of down syndrome, the count of chromosomes is 47 instead of 46 (half chromosomes comes from the mother and half from the father i.e. 23 from each). So this is due to having one extra chromosome number 21 in addition to the already existing normal pair. This type of down syndrome is called trisomy 21 which accounts for 95% of the down syndrome cases (Spencer, 2014). According to researchers the extra copy of chromosome 21 affects the normal course of development of an individual, and also there is an increased risk of health problems associated with this disorder (Dekker, De Deyn, Rots, 2017). Mosaicism is the least common form of down syndrome which accounts for only one percent of cases. This occurs due to a mixture of two type of cells, with some containing the usual count of 46 and some containing 47 chromosomes. People suffering from mosaic down syndrome have very fewer characteristics as compared to other types of down syndrome). Translocation type of down syndrome accounts for the remaining 4% cases of the down syndrome. In this type the additional full or partial copy of chromosome 21 attaches to the another chromosome (chromosome 14) (Dekker, De Deyn, Rots, 2017). The hereditary component is present only in one third cases of translocation down syndrome, that accounts for one percent of the total cases of down syndrome as a whole. This genetic disorder further affects the physical and mental wellbeing of the individual by slowing the development growth both physically and mentally. An individual with down syndrome may also suffer from heart and gastrointestinal disorders. Early interventions and better knowledge about down syndrome will greatly help in increasing the quality of life of the children or adult facing this disorder (Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, 2013). Small stature, low muscle tone, an upward slant to the eyes and a single deep crease across the center of the palm are some of the physical changes that are rightly noticeable in an individual facing this disorder (Dekker, De Deyn, Rots, 2017). However, these are not necessarily the only physical changes that an individual face. Language development is also very slow amongst the children facing this disorder. The study of Aburawi, et al, (2015) also finds that children suffering with down syndrome are significantly shorter and heavier in weight than normal children. Obesity is also a significant problem among such children. There can be behavioral issues also like attention problem, stubborn nature, obsessive and compulsive behavior etc. Autism spectrum disorder is also found in a very small percentage of people facing this disorder which affects communication and social interaction (Dekker, De Deyn, Rots, 2017). A gradual decline in thinking ability is also seen among the people with down syndrome as they age. Prevalence and cause of Down Syndrome Down syndrome is considered as the most common congenital anomalies that is affecting 1 in every 800 births. An individual with down syndrome may have a full extra or partial part of chromosome 21 present. However, the cause of this extra full or partial chromosome 21 is still unknown. The prevalence of down syndrome differs from country to country because of the various social and environmental factors. For, example the incidence of down syndrome may be lower in the developed countries, in comparison to developing countries. This could be because the developed countries in the Arab world may have better application and uptake of the antenatal diagnostic service and also receives the permission to terminate the pregnancy if such case is discovered. According to the study of Al-Biltagi (2015) the estimated incidence of down syndrome is between 1 to 10/1000 live births worldwide (p. 85). The only factor linked to an increased chance of having a baby with down syndrome is the maternal age (National Down Syndrome Society, 2016) and the risk increases with an increase in maternal age. According to a report the risk is 1:1000 at the age of 30 while at the age of 35 the risk is 1:400 (Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, 2013). According to a report the incidence of down syndrome in some Arab countries is slightly higher as compared to the other countries globally. The incidence of down syndrome in Dubai is 1:319, in Oman it is 1:500, Qatar (1:546), Saudi Arabia (1:554), Kuwait (1:581), Israel is 1:547 (Al-Biltagi, 2015). There are a number of factors associated with the higher number of incidence rate in Arab countries such as consanguineous marriages (marriages among first cousins), increased maternal age and having a high number of children, lack of prenatal detection which further to terminate pregnancies with down syndrome fetuses (Hamamy et al, 2011). Risk Factors For Down Syndrome People with Down syndrome often take some drugs and supplements to support their brain activities but according to a research the medicines are not able to make any specific change or there are no medicines developed till date that helps a person to recover from this disorder. The burden of this disease is very high in Arab world, because it results in significant morbidity, mortality and disability among the infants. The rate of children suffering with down syndrome in many Arab countries is increasing from 1.2-1.7 per 1000 mainly in the industrialized countries. This mainly due to the high proportion of the child birth. Having large number of children is a traditional and cultural element in the Arab world and they prefer having many children in family. This is a significant risk factor, as the mothers keeping giving birth to children till very old age that affects the health and well-being of the children being born in older age of mother. There are various social and economic trends associated with a high maternal age in the Arab world. This is due to the fact that most of the women in the Arab world choose high level of professional development in the early 20s and the early 30s (Al-Biltagi, 2015). The only reason associated with it is to provide better financial conditions to the family for a healthy living. So now the Arab world is also experiencing similar trends as that of the western world throughout the shift to industrialization, so there is a need to take the same measures or to adopt the same practices as that of the western world like antenatal screening using ultrasounds, amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling as well as preserving the oocyte (an egg bank) (Acikbas et al, 2012). This results in creating a significant burden of the disease. The high prevalence of down syndrome in Arabs is due to their socio-economic and religious belief that includes the common practice of consanguineous marriages, multi party and increased maternal age. Lack of educational awareness can also affect the prevalence and incidence of down syndrome. The lack of education also affects the health outcome of the people in Arab world. The people, who are not educated, do not understand the significance of the antenatal screening tests, which is significant for detecting the down syndrome in the babies (Korayem, AlKofide, 2013). Therefore, lack of knowledge and education of the parents also prevents them from taking antenatal screening and terminating such pregnancies. The people in Arab world are at the risk of genetic problem even if they have the family history of genetic disorder or not. Various countries in Arab world have also made the provisions for the premarital screening and antenatal screening. However, the poor access of people to such programs and facilities results in increasing the burden of disease (Al-Gazali, Hamamy, Al-Arrayad, 2006). Attitude of People The children suffering from down syndrome have different physical features, physical structure and also have language problems. Such children may face many difficulties in social interaction and may not get appropriate opportunity of social inclusion (Al-Kindi, Al-Juhaishi, Al-Saffar, 2012). Studies have found that there is a lack of awareness among the people towards the individuals suffering from down syndrome and this may result in discriminatory behavior towards them. The burden of the disease on the patients and families increases, due to the problem of stigmatization and social exclusion. Perception of the people towards down syndrome has been found to be very poor (Al-Kindi, Al-Juhaishi, Al-Saffar, 2012). People often hold negative opinion and negative attitude about people suffering from down syndrome. This can also result in many psychological consequences and can increase the burden of the disease Al-Biltagi, (2015). However, there is a lack of qualitative and quantitativ e evidences of the community attitude and attitude of people in Arab World. Although, it has been found that parents do have positive attitude towards the social inclusion of their children in schools, yet, in general, people in Arabian countries lack the awareness towards the intellectual disability disorders. Aims of Review Aim of the review is to provide significant and important evidences found in the literature. The search for the articles is conducted through PubMed also some of the articles are also added from the cross reference and other important journals. Down syndrome is a common congenital anomaly in Saudi Arabia. The frequency of such anomalies differ from country to country on the basis of various factors. Although, there have been decrease in the prevalence of such disease with the increasing technological advancement and treatment range, yet Down syndrome still significantly prevails and result in significant childhood mortality. Therefore, it has also been found that genetic disorder causes significant morbidity, mortality and disability among children in Middle East. Genetic disorder is the major problem in the Arab world. This review is mainly focused on discussing the current knowledge and understanding about the genetic disorders, such as down syndrome and its prevalence in Arab Worl d. The inclusion criteria that has been applied for the research is that only published studies and government reports are select for the purpose of this review. This inclusion criterion is applied in order to maintain the quality of the evidences. PubMed is specifically used to locate the articles, cross-sectional studies and quantitative studies for preparing this review. The statistically significant results can be appropriately obtained from the quantitative study. Therefore, the review has focused on finding and locating the appropriate and current studies that could provide the current rate of prevalence, incidence and effects of Down Syndrome in Arab World. Therefore, this review aims towards providing the effective and readable synthesis of the quality resources and could also help in enhancing the knowledge about the current area of research. The review also provides the directions for the future research in reference to down syndrome and its effect on population in Arab World. Methods The qualitative method and inductive approach has been used in preparing this review. Keyword research method have been used for locating the resources in PubMed. Some of the keywords that are used for locating the appropriate resources are Down syndrome, what is down syndrome, prevalence of down syndrome, risks associated with down syndrome, burden of down syndrome on population, incidence of down syndrome in Arab World, risk factors and down syndrome, prevalence of down syndrome in Arab World and reasons of down syndrome prevalence. Flowchart of the Final Number of Articles Retrieved for this Review Study Methodology is a very important approach for preparing the research articles and research studies. The key word search requires to enter the correct keywords and must be in line with the requirements and objectives of the study. The main objective of the study to provide the review of literature in order to find the evidences that can help in developing knowledge about the current scope and disease prevalence. Results This study is found to be significant because it provides important and current evidences related to down syndrome. The study also defines the genetic disorder, however, it lacks to provide the empirical evidences about the epidemiology of the down syndrome. This study can be beneficial in exploring the epigenetics associated with down syndrome. This is a very important study as it is focused on the Arab country and can help in informing about prevalence and epidemiology of down syndrome. UAE is a significant part of Arab World and a developed country. The prevalence of disease in this country provides a strong in sight about the reasons of disease occurrence and also inform that what challenges children have to face, who are suffering from down syndrome. This article helped in gaining the epidemiological information about disease. This study has been helpful in informing about the incidence and prevalence of down syndrome around the world. This study provides some strong evidences about the epidemiology of this genetic disorder and what are the major risk factors associated with it. However, the study lacks some significant empirical evidences. Study identifies down syndrome as the most common genetic disorder globally. One significant limitation of the study is that it provides the evidences from the sample of children from United States. This study is significant because it informs about the antenatal screening, which is significant for identifying the genetic disorder in babies. Screening is considered as the important and successfully developed as the biochemical marker and algorithms for identifying the risks mainly associated with trisomy 21 and 18. This study is very significant for increasing the awareness towards the process of screening that is mainly important in the Arab world, because the incidence of down syndrome in children is higher in Arab countries. This is a document that significantly address the issue of down syndrome in relation to Arab World. One significant limitation of the study is that it is not a journal article or papers, yet is associated with Arab Genomics, therefore, provides many significant evidence mainly associated with Arab countries. It provides the information about prevalence and incidence rate. The only limitation of the study is that it lacks empirical evidences from literature. The study discusses a very significant risk factor that results in high occurrence of down syndrome around the world. Study discusses the Consanguineous marriages as the significant risk factor for the occurrence of genetic disorder including down syndrome. This study is included in the research because Consanguineous marriages are customary and common in Arab World ad a significant reason of occurrence of down syndrome. This study is considered to be very important because its views the genetic disorder from the epidemiological perspective. It provides the prevalence data related to down syndrome in Arab world and also in many other countries. The limitation of the study is that it lacks empirical data. However, it also identifies the genetic and environmental factors that can result in causing down syndrome in children. However, study consider maternal age as an risk factor in occurrence of down syndrome. This study is conducted in Turkey, which is also a Muslim natation and also follows the traditions and belief according to people in Arab World. The author informs that down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality among the live births. Maternal age and lack of antenatal screening are considered as major risk factor. The study is a cross sectional study and provide empirical evidences. This study informs about the gap in literature, as very limited evidences are available on the prevalence of the congenital anomaliesin Middle East countries. This cross sectional study informs that prevalence of congenital anomalies in Saudi Arabian children is high because of the high consanguinity rate and high maternal age. This study is also important because it is community based and provide empirical evidences regarding the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and gaps in knowledge. This study compares the main characteristics of the individuals suffering from down syndrome with the normal subjects with the help of cephalometric radiographs. This study can be help in directing the future research regarding the treatment of individuals suffering with down syndrome. This study defines the down syndrome, however, lack data regarding the incidence and prevalence of the disease. This study is mainly focused on the prevalence and incidence of genetic disorder in Arab World. This study identifies the major risk factors such as high level of inbreeding, high maternal and paternal age and also large family sizes. This study found that there are various factors affecting the knowledge of people about disease. Therefore, it required that focus should be placed on enhancing knowledge and education of people and also improve the access of people to specialized genetic services. This study is very significant because it informs about the attitude of the people towards the individuals suffering from down syndrome. It explains about the burden of the disease on the people and their families. These evidences are important in order to design the future interventions for improving the life of people suffering with down syndrome in Arab nations. Name of Author and year Title Study Population Study Type Main Results Dekker, De Deyn, Rots,. (2017). Epigenetics and Down syndrome Cross sectional study The study help in explaining the genetic disorder of down syndrome and helps in providing the information about the genetic issues and epigenetics associated with down syndrome. Aburawi et al (2015) National growth charts for United Arab Emirates children with Down syndrome from birth to 15 years of age UAE Retrospective and cross-sectional growth study of Emirati children The incidence rate of down syndrome is found to be high in UAE. Study helps in explaining the others problems that children have to face with the genetic disorder of down syndrome. Sherman, S. L., Allen, E. G., Bean, L. H., Freeman, S. B. (2007). Epidemiology of Down syndrome Infants in United Nations Qualitative study Study provides the important information about the epidemiology of down syndrome. Study includes the information about the world prevalence rate of down syndrome and the risk associated with this genetic disease. Study determines the clinical cause, prevalence and incidence of down syndrome. Spencer, K. (2014). Screening for Down syndrome. United Kingdom Qualitative study Study informs about the definition and occurrence of down syndrome. Study also related the prevalence of down syndrome with the maternal age that is a significant factor for increasing the risk of disease. Centre for Arab Genomic Studies. (2013) Down Syndrome in the Arab world Arab population Review Study This study is very important as it provides the specific insight in the prevalence and epidemiology of down syndrome in Arab population Hamamy, Antonarakis, Cavalli-Sforza, Temtamy, Romeo, Ten Kate, Bathija,. (2011) Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva international consanguinity workshop report Geneva Qualitative review study The focus of the study is on the countries, where the consanguineous marriages are customary, which means the marriage in first cousins. This is a significant factor that affects the genetic factors of infants in Arab world. Study also explains that how such marriages and maternal age result in prevalence of down syndrome. Mohammed Al-Biltag (2015) Down syndrome from Epidemiologic Point of View World Population Review Study Study mainly focuses on informing about the various factors that affect the rate of occurrence of down syndrome across various population in different continents and countries. Paper recognized various genetic and environmental factors that result in increasing incidence of down syndrome in infants. Study also discussed potential risk factors. Acikbas, Tomatir, Akdag, Koksal, (2012) Retrospective analysis of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in Denizli, Turkey Turkey Retrospective study Study examines the prevalence variation of down syndrome. Retrospective analysis of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in Denizli, Turkey. study extracts the 16 years of the survey result to understand the prevalence and risk factors associated with down syndrome. AlSalloum et al (2015) Prevalence of selected congenital anomalies in Saudi children: a community-based study Saudi Children The stidy focused on the Saudi Children and also discussed the prevalence of the congenital anomalies in the children. Study found that down syndrome is the most common genetic congenital anomalies in the children and risk factors are maternal age and consanguineous marriages. Mohammed A. Korayema and Eman A. AlKofide. (2014) Characteristics of Down syndrome subjects in a Saudi sample Saudi Arabia Quantitative study The study focused on differentiating the characteristics of the individuals with down syndrome and compare them with the normal subjects. Study also provide the in-sight to many risk factors associated with this genetic disorder. Al-Gazali, Hamamy, Al-Arrayad, (2006). Genetic disorders in the Arab world Arab Population Cross Sectional Study The main findings of the study inform that genetic disorders are common in Arab countries that result in significant disabilities among individuals. Study informs that there is lack of interventions and programs directed towards the prevention of congenital and genetic disorders. Study also discussed that lack of antenatal screening also results in increasing the risk and prevalence of down syndrome. Sadeer G. Al-Kindi,Taha Al-Juhaishi,Atheer J. Al-Saffar. (2012) Community Attitudes Towards People with Downs Syndrome: A Sample From Iraq Iraq Cross-Sectional study The study used the self-administered questionnaire to understand the response of the people towards the inclusion of the people suffering from down syndrome in community. Study concludes that there is a need of organized campaigns and programs to increase awareness of people towards down syndrome. Discussion Down syndrome is considered and found to be the most common genetic disorder in the Arab World. The findings of the paper inform about various reasons that increases the risk of this genetic disorder in children. The findings of the study inform that some of the major reasons behind prevalence of this disorder are Consanguineous marriages, traditional and religious custom of marrying the first cousins, high maternal age and also multiparty. There are various genetic, environmental and social factors that can increase the prevalence of this disorder. Study found that antenatal screening is very helpful in finding the genetic disorder in the fetus and after knowing parents can terminate the pregnancy. However, due to religious and social restrictions and also due to economic and ethnic factors, abortion is not allowed and women have to give birth to children, even after knowing that child suffers from genetic disorder and will not be able to lead a normal life. In comparison to evidences from France and Europe, it has been found that abortion is allowed in France and Europe, therefore, the birth prevalence of down syndrome is reduced in these countries. For example, it was found that incidence rate of down syndrome in live births in Dubai is 1:319, it is 1:500 in Oman, 1:554 in Saudi Arabia, and 1 in 700 in Egypt in Egypt, while the incidence rate in China is 2/1000, 0.83/1000 in India and it is 1:1700 in Australia (due to high termination rate). Therefore, the above data informs that prevalence and incidence rate is higher in Arab countries. There are various reasons identified for high incidence and prevalence. One of the religious or cultural reason is that Arab people believe in making large families and giving birth to many children. Giving birth to many children through Consanguineous marriages affects the chromosomes and results in creating genetic anomalies. Also one reasons are that mother keep giving birth to children even after t he age of 40 and age is a significant risk factor. Therefore, maternal age affects the health and well-being of the children. Due to contemporary changes in the culture and society, one reason is that women are also now taking an active part in economy. Women are participating in receiving higher education and are making careers. This restricts them to give birth to children in early or appropriate age. Also, in many part of the Arab world, the population is still tribal and are uneducated. Therefore, they lack the significance of understanding the disease, disadvantages of giving birth to many children and understanding the importance of antenatal screening. The hereditary problems and genetic disorder in the tribal people increases the overall burden of the disease. Also, it has been found that 50% of the children that are born with the down syndrome disorder are born to mothers, who are 40 years or above in age. There is a significant gap in the literature, regarding the prevalence and major risk factors associated with it. It has also been found that there is a lack of extensive healthcare programs, campaigns and interventions that could encourage women more towards antenatal and premarital screening about chromosomal abnormality. The nation where the risk is higher and as it is scientifically proved, it becomes very significant to increase the awareness of people. There is also a lack of healthcare counselling that could be provides to the couples, in order to enhance their knowledge about this genetic disorder. Therefore, there is a significant loop hole on policy level. Another problem is identified on the social and legal level. For example, termination of pregnancy is not legally and religious allowed in the Arab countries, even when a ruling in 1990 allowed the termination of pregnancy in the first 120days, if the fetus was found to be significantly affected by sever malformation that could not be even improved after the treatment. However, people are still restricted from terminating pregnancy. Therefore, there is requirement of making a strong law and policy that could address such problem and may also help in reducing the prevalence of down syndrome in Arab countries. A family oriented approach is required to be designed and applied that could help in informing people about the risks of giving birth to large number of children and how proper screening approaches can benefit them in having healthy children. Also, the clinical screening of the new born can help the clinicians in detecting the abnormalities. This way parents could be better prepa red to take care of such children and provide them better environment. Increasing the awareness of parents and people in community can help in better inclusion of such children in community. References Standard Journal Articles Acikbas, I., Tomatir, A. G., Akdag, B., Koksal, A. (2012). Retrospective analysis of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in Denizli, Turkey.Genet Mol Res,11(4), 4640-5. Aburawi, E. H., Nagelkerke, N., Deeb, A., Abdulla, S., Abdulrazzaq, Y. M. (2015). National growth charts for United Arab Emirates children with Down syndrome from birth to 15 years of age.Journal of epidemiology,25(1), 20-29. Al-Biltagi, M. (2015). Down syndrome from Epidemiologic Point of View.EC Paediatrics,2, 82-91. (PubMed) Al-Gazali, L., Hamamy, H., Al-Arrayad, S. (2006). Genetic disorders in the Arab world.Bmj,333(7573), 831-834.(PubMed) Al-Kindi, S. G., Al-Juhaishi, T., Al-Saffar, A. J. (2012). Community attitudes towards people with downs syndrome: A sample from Iraq.Public Health Research,2(4), 102-105. AlSalloum, A., ElMouzan, M. I., AlHerbish, A., AlOmer, A., Qurashib, M. (2015). Prevalence of selected congenital anomalies in Saudi children: a community-based study.Annals of Saudi medicine,35(2). (PubMed) Dekker, A. D., De Deyn, P. P., Rots, M. G. (2017). Epigenetics and Down syndrome. InNeuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics(pp. 163-184). Hamamy, H., Antonarakis, S. E., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Temtamy, S., Romeo, G., Ten Kate, L. P., ... Bathija, H. (2011). Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva international consanguinity workshop report.Genetics in Medicine,13(9), 841. (PubMed) Korayem, M. A., AlKofide, E. A. (2013). Characteristics of Down syndrome subjects in a Saudi sample.The Angle Orthodontist,84(1), 30-37. (PubMed) Sherman, S. L., Allen, E. G., Bean, L. H., Freeman, S. B. (2007). Epidemiology of Down syndrome.Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,13(3), 221-227. (PubMed) Spencer, K. (2014). Screening for Down syndrome.Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation,74(sup244), 41-47. (PubMed) Electronic Material Centre for Arab Genomic Studies. (2013). Down Syndrome in the Arab world. Retrieved from https://www.cags.org.ae/Down%20Syndrome-English.pdf

Pros and Cons of Global Warming Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Global Warming Paper These gases trap radiation from sun and hold them from being released back into space. This causes rise in temperature at few places on earth. It is not much noticeable in western part of earth but in eastern parts like North Pole, Alaska and others slight increase in temperatures makes a huge difference. Scientists believe that if current situation continues many kinds of changes will take place which can be either beneficial or harmful for the living beings. Global Warming: Disadvantages Global warming can have more of the adverse effect. Some of them can be summarized in following points: Global warming melts the ice peaks which increase the level of sea. Increase in sea level greatly disturbs the marine life . Precipitation patterns changes turning lush green areas to dry lands Increase in sea level also results floods in low-lying areas and hence loss of life and property in large numbers Cause changes in weather patterns creating storms, super storms and raciness to appear. Global warming also gives rise to many types of allergies, asthma The continuous drying of forest leads them on fire which destroys natural resources greatly. Global Warming can bring about a severe change in atmosphere which could lead to loss of human and animal life and would also affect natural resources greatly. Global Warming: Advantages Although, Global Warming has more number of disadvantages it few of the advantages too. Some of them are: Lands of acute cold can now experience milder climate and some plant growth too. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since the temperatures in frozen zones will go down less consumption of energy will be required to warm them. The increase in growing season will also increase the productivity of the crop. Increase in floods will result in carrying large amount of silt to distant areas which will result in making barren lands at distant place productive. Huge amount of money which is spent on cleaning up of road blockage due to high snow fall will be saved. We are all entitled to our own opinion. Good, bad, it something that we take serious. Opinions are strong, and some opinions may sway others. But you and only you can tell yourself what to believe. There are always going to be changes in the world, and we have to be ready. Even if global warming itself is untrue, the effects and the condition of our world arent the best and thats a fact. We can all do our part in keeping our world healthy and clean. Things as easy as recycling. Little things go a long way.

Healthcare and Financial Issues Essay Example

Healthcare and Financial Issues Essay Example Healthcare and Financial Issues Essay Healthcare and Financial Issues Essay Healthcare Financial Issues The history of the American healthcare system has experienced some form of distray. Despite the introduction of the managed care (sought to bring the cost of healthcare down), Americans have expressed fear that the costs of healthcare have continued to rise. The 2010s Obamacare was introduced to reform various aspects of the American health insurance industry, and to also improve the quality and access of healthcare services. The research paper aims at exploring Obama healthcare service and how the new requirements have transformed that nature of the health of the U.S. citizenry. The concern of the paper lies in examining how the quality and value of the American health care service has changed since the introduction of the Obama healthcare service. This research uses qualitative research method; qualitative method enables the researcher to dig deeper into getting finer details aboutthe non-quantitative aspects of the topic being studied. Through qualitative research, the paper will unearth how managed care, as an an initiative, addresses the escalating costs of medical care. The research is interested to investigate how managed care can lead to effective funding and offering referals. The researcher will unmask how this healthcare tool covers services that are experimental in nature (Babbie, 2016). The research will narrow down to utilize case study reseach approach, which refers to a research whereby where the researcher is suppopsed to give a comprehensive analaysis and cccount of more than one case. The leading (foundatonal) research in this case study research would thus be put as follows: What are the major characteristics of the Obamacare case? Since the roots of the case study are interdisciplinary, the research shall draw upon various other models can be incorporated to describe and explain the Obamacare case. As classified by Babbie (2016), a caqse study research can be divided into three: e Collective case study-where researchers interest is to study and compare multiple cases in a singular research sudy; e Instrumental case study-where the interest of the researcher is to understand something more general than the obviousness of the case; e Intrisc case study-where the researchers interest lies in understand particulars ofthe case. By setting research questions, the research will be centered on sourcing the answers to these questions. The three questions to be considered include: RQ1: How has Obama healthcare service and the new requirements changed the nature of health of the US citizens? RQ2. How can Healthcare services improve quality and value in the U.S. Health Care System? RQ3. How can adequate healthcare coverage ensure all people have access to quality health services without facing financial hardship? Some of the benefits the research will seek to investigate is the shared benefit with which Obamacare service allows Americans to access it from any part of America. Since this service requires all health insurance plans to cover crucial health benefits and rights. This healthcare plan favors millions of American patients together with the uninsured citizens by ensuring that they canaccess free and low healthcare costs. It consequently allows parents to cover their childrens health up to to the age of 26, a factor that gives more benefits and returns to insurance companies andproviders. Obamacare will detrimentally lead to low costs, since it will outnumber the insurance companies that havebeen having a good number of clients who take all sorts of insurance covers. This is because the service aims at offering high quality healthcare at relatively lower costs. It negatively affect Americans who may be unwilling to buy the insurance through Obamacare tax penalties. By setting research questions, the research will be centered on sourcing the answers to these questions. Some of the considerations involved in carrying out this research include the capability to seal the gaps in knowledge needed to be derived from the research. The research will be carried out ina natural setting and would involve a process of building a holistic and complex picture of the phenomenon of interest. There are many ways through which the researcher can collaborate and enrich their work while conducting a study on a certain topic, like the Obamacare, in this case. The capability to have several iterations of the study in different settings will provide a means of validating findings. Collaboration requires many forms, including crossing discipliness (Babbie, 2016). The practitioner research addresses the investigator, the purpose, and the setting. In this case, the research seeks rightful information from the practitioner who have insight regarding the Obamacare. Reference Babbie, E. R. (2016). The practice of social research. Belmont: Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Middle School and High School Intervention Programs

Middle School and High School Intervention Programs Intervention has become an important tool for servicing students who struggle academically particularly in reading and/or math. School intervention programs are very popular in elementary schools, but what about middle school and high school? The truth is that the older the student is, the more difficult it becomes to get a student who is behind back on grade level. That doesn’t mean that schools shouldn’t have intervention programs in place for their middle school and high school students. However, these programs should embrace the middle school/high school culture where motivating students becomes half the battle. Motivating students will lead to improvement and growth in all areas of academics. It is important to understand that what works for one school may not work in another. Each school has its own culture shaped by many external factors. Principals and teachers need to work together to figure out what aspects of a program are applicable to their school’s unique situation. With that in mind, we explore two different middle school/high school intervention programs. They were designed to motivate students to succeed academically to give those struggling students some much needed extra assistance 8th Hour/Saturday School Premise: Most students do not want to spend extra time at school. This program is aimed at two primary groups of students: Those students are below grade level in reading and/or mathThose students who often fail to complete or turn in work This  intervention program has been designed  with several strategies to help these students. Those include: Requiring students to complete incomplete or missing assignmentsProviding extra assistance on assignmentsProviding extra time to complete assignments when a student has been absentBuilding reading and math skills so as to prepare a student for state testing The intervention program should be run by a reading specialist or certified teacher and could be held during an 8th hour, or an immediate extension of the school day running every day. Students could also participate in this intervention by serving a Saturday School. This is not intended as student discipline but as an academic aid to success. Each of the four components is broken down below: Requiring students to complete incomplete assignments or missing assignments Any student who turns in an incomplete or a zero would be required to serve an 8th hour the day that assignment was due.If they complete the assignment on that day, then they would  receive full credit for that assignment. However, if they do not complete it that day, they should continue to serve 8th hour until the assignment is complete and turned in. The student would only receive 70% credit if they do not turn it in that day. Each additional day it takes to complete an assignment would also add to the count towards a Saturday School as discussed in point four.After three missing/incomplete assignments, then the maximum a student may  score on any missing/incomplete assignment thereafter is 70%. This would penalize students who continuously fail to complete work.If a student turns in a combination of 3 incomplete and/or zeros during a half-term period, then the student would be required to serve a Saturday School. After they have served a Saturday School, it would reset, and t hey would have 3 more incomplete/zeros before they are required to serve another Saturday School. This would reset at the end of each half term. Providing students with  extra assistance on assignments Any student who needs extra help or tutoring on assignments may voluntarily come in during 8th hour to receive that help. Students should take the initiative for this. Providing extra time to complete assignments when a student has been absent If a student is absent, they would  be required to spend the day that they returned in 8th hour. This would allow extra time to get the assignments and to complete them, so there is not as much to do at home.The student would  be required to collect their assignments the morning they return. Building reading and math skills so as to prepare a student for state testing After cross referencing state testing scores and/or other assessment programs, a small group of students could be selected to be pulled in two days a week to help improve either their reading level or math level. These students would be assessed periodically to monitor their progress. Once they reach their grade level, then they would graduate out in that area. This part of the program is intended to give students skills they are missing and needing to be more successful in math and reading. Fast Friday Premise: Students like to get out of school early. This program provides an incentive for students who maintain at least a 70% in all subject areas. The Fast Friday intervention has been designed to motivate students to keep their grades above a 70% and to provide extra assistance for those students who have grades below a 70%. Fast Fridays would occur on a bi-weekly basis. On Fast Friday our daily class schedule would be shortened from the traditional school schedule to accommodate an early dismissal following lunch. This privilege would be extended only to students maintaining grades of 70% or above. Students who have only one class in which they are below a 70% would be required to stay after lunch only for a short time, during which they will receive extra assistance in the class which they are struggling. Students who have two or more classes in which they have below a 70% would be required to stay until the normal dismissal time, during which they will receive extra assistance in each class they are struggling.

Corporate Governance and Compensation Research Paper

Corporate Governance and Compensation - Research Paper Example ance as â€Å"the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled†¦[specifying] the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation such as the Board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders, and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs† (OECD, 2004, 11). A third definition is articulated by economists: â€Å"Corporate governance is a field in economics that investigates how to secure/motivate efficient management of corporations by the use of mechanisms such as contracts, organizational designs and legislation† (Fernando, 2006, 13-15). More recent literature has expanded the coverage of corporate governance to include management and financial discipline, corporate social responsibility, business ethics, stakeholder participation in decision-making, and more recently, sustainable economic development in the country in which the business operates (16). Presented in the appendix is a figure showing the comparative descriptions of the OECD and UK’s Good Governance Standards for Public Service, as they measure up to the generic principles of good governance. Executive compensation as a concern of corporate governance Before the financial crisis, there was little reason for doubting the rising pay of chief executives as set by board. The general public perception is that the board acted in a regular and informed manner when they agreed in setting the compensation level of the CEO, and that corporate governance was implemented optimally from the top of the organization. The issues that arose out of the financial crisis, however, led to the belief that the process of determining CEO compensation is not as efficient as the public were led to believe, and that significant... This essay stresses that the case of Disney’s derivative suit involving Ovitz’s morally untenable compensation package highlights the huge discrepancy between what the law requires and what is required by good corporate governance, as far as executive compensation is concerned. Presently, in determining liability and propriety the law measures executive action by the minimum standard of due care and good faith, but this case shows that it is possible for a powerful CEO to meet the minimum and still cause severe pecuniary and organizational risk to the company and its shareholders. This paper makes a conclusion that the courts decided against the derivative suit filed by the shareholders, because the board of directors were deemed to have met the minimum standard of due care, and not to have acted in bad faith as defined by the law. This does not clear Disney executives, particularly its CEO and those directors who evidently connived with him, from meeting their moral and ethical responsibility towards their shareholders and stakeholders, and is an evident display of poor corporate governance. Executive compensation and the hiring of a successor must not be left to the whims and designs of a CEO who manipulates these matters in order to retain power for himself. The terms of executive compensation and succession should be considered as legitimate by social standards and the norms and cognitive impacts on the organization.

Latin American Literature (Marquez) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latin American Literature (Marquez) - Essay Example When he enters the kitchen on the morning the Bishop is expected, both the cook, Victoria Guzman, and her daughter, Divina Flora, know what Santiago Nasar will not learn for some time--that two men are waiting outside the house to kill him. (Marquez, p.15-19) They, like many others Santiago will cross in the short time before his death, do not warn him. When the narrator's mother hears the news of what is to happen to Santiago, she immediately sets out to warn Placida Linero that her son is in danger, but is stopped in the street and told that "they've already killed him." The twins even reveal their plans to a policeman who passes on the information to the mayor, yet even that does not stop the murder. On her wedding night, Angela furious husband returns Angela to her family. This is seen as violence to her family, especially in the conventions of the time where such an act brings shame to both Angela and her family. As one might expect, she is now put under a lot of pressure to tel l her family who it was that took her virginity.

Employment responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Employment responsibilities Essay Understand employment responsibilities and rights in health, social care or children and young people’s settings. Outcome 1 know the statutory responsibilities and rights of employees and employers within own area of work 1 Health safety, minimum wage, working hours, equality 2 – Health Safety at Work Act 1974: An act put in place to look after the health, safety and welfare of people at work, for protecting others against risks to health or safety in connection with the activities of people at work. Equality Act 2010: This act legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace. Employment Rights Act 1996: This act explains what rights employees have in a place of work. For example, time off work, guaranteed wages, dismissal and redundancy. 3 – To protect employees against circumstances they may face in their working lives. Every person who works for an employer is protected from discrimination in the workplace, has the right to receive the national minimum wage, and to work no more than 48 hours per week unless they wish to. These employee rights apply regardless of whether the employee or worker is temporary, fixed-term or permanent, or how long they have worked for the employer. These laws provide rules and regulations that must be followed. 4 – Sources and types of information and advice available can be, speaking directly to managers, reading policies and procedures, looking on the internet (direct.gov.uk) , going to a citizen advice bureau or joining a union. Outcome 2 – understand agreed ways of working that protect own relationship with employer 1 – My contract of employment at Crown House covers the following : job title, probationary period, place of work, pay, deductions, hours of work,  overtime, time recording, short time working and lay off, annual holidays, public holidays, sick pay, alcohol and drug testing, pension, notice and garden leave. 2 – My payslip includes the following information: company name, department, payment method, payment period, payments, hours, rate, amount, deductions (PAYE tax, National Insurance, Pension), totals, week/month, date, department number, tax code, employee number, employee name and net total. 3 – If you have a grievance relating to your employment, you should in the first instance raise this with the manager. If the grievance cannot be settled informally, you must set out the grievance and the basis for it in writing and submit it to the Area Manager. 4- Personal information that must be kept up to date with own employer can include : change of name, marital status, change of address, any medical conditions that may affect work, any medication prescribed that may affect work and any altercations with the police must be admitted. 5 – Agreed ways of working includes policies and procedures, which may cover areas such as: Data protection – how confidential files relating to staff or service users are stored in cupboards where access is only given if needed. Conflict management – if there is any conflict between staff members this should be bought to the attention of the manager and he/she should try to resolve this professionally. Anti-discriminatory practise staff and service users will not be discriminated regardless of their age, gender, sexuality, religion, ethnic background or disability. Health and safety – staff should wear appropriate clothing, for example flat shoes and covered up. It is staffs responsibility to report any health and  safety issues they may come across, whether it be broken equipment or maintenance needed within the building. Equality and diversity – staff and service users must be treated equally but not all the same. Opportunities should not be missed just because somebody may need extra support to do something. For example, if a sensory room is upstairs and somebody cannot manage the stairs for whatever reason, help should be given (lift, stair lift) so that person can access the room. Outcome 3 – Understand how own role fits within the wider context of the sector 1 – My job description is to provide centred focused care to service users. To provide opportunities for service users to increase their knowledge and experience, to encourage them to maintain present skills and learn new ones, and to enable them to gain more control over their lives. To manage and minimise behaviours as best as possible. To ensure the four key principles of the ‘Valuing People’ document are adhered to at all times ‘Rights’ ‘Independence’ ‘Choice’ and ‘Inclusion’. General and administration duties. ** Important: this is not exhaustive and is subject to review in line with the changing needs of the unit and/or the needs of the service users. 2 Positive Negative Accessing community and participating in activities of enjoyment People may be at risk to themselves and others (staff, members of public) Gives the company a good name Service users not motivated, become lazy Improves service users development and remain stimulated Behaviours may be displayed often Keep service users safe Gives the company a bad reputation 3 – Other people in which staff need to communicate with will include, but  are not limited to, the following: Residential homes – to find out how the service user has been at home (behaviours, illness), let them of know of any lunch requirements (picnics, cooked lunch), ensure money is sent in for planned activities, make sure the service user is dressed appropriately for planned activities. Speech and Language Therapists – to assess, monitor and review a service users eating and swallowing if any problems have been noticed and reported, to offer help with communication aids and techniques. Mental health team – attend regular appointments with service users to see how they are, is medication working? Any new problems/obsessions? How mood has been? (agitated, confused, depressed) Any behaviour triggers? 4 – CQC are regulators for all health and social care services in Enlgand. A regulator is an organisation that checks services meet the government’s standards or rules about care. They also look after the rights of people who need extra support to stay safe. This includes people who are kept in care under a law called the Mental Health Act. The government’s standards cover all areas of care. These rules are about things like: respecting people and treating them in the way we all expect to be treated. making sure people receive the food and drink they need. giving people care in clean, safe buildings. managing services and having the right staff. CQC put care services on their register if they meet the standards, or act quickly if they do not. They continue to use different information to find out as much as they can about services. Information from the public about their experiences of care is very important to CQC. They also work with local groups and people who use services to find out what’s working well and what’s working badly in health and social care services in their area. Inspectors check services all over England to make sure they meet the rules for safe, effective, compassionate and high-quality care. Care services, and other organisations like the NHS, also give CQC information about certain things that happen. For example, they will check a service if more people are dying there than usual. They act quickly to stop unsafe services or bad ways of working. They say what needs to change and go back to check things are better. CQC can also fine people or companies, give  services a public warning, stop the service caring for any new people, stop a service caring for people while they find out what is happening and even shut services down. Outcome 4 – Understand career pathways available within own related sectors 1 – To be a care home manager you would need the following qualifications * at least two years’ senior management or supervisory experience in a relevant care setting within the past five years * a qualification appropriate to the care you will be providing, such as NVQ Level 4 in Health and Social Care, a degree in social work or nursing (with live registration) * a management qualification, such as NVQ Level 4 in Leadership and Management for Care Services (which replaces the Registered Managers Award (RMA)) or equivalent like a Diploma in Management Studies, or a Management NVQ Level 4 . To be a nurse you would need the following qualifications – around 5 GCSEs (or equivalent) of Grade C and above including English Literature or Language, Mathematics and a science subject. to take a nursing degree courses you will normally need at least 2 A-Level s or equivalent. all nurse training is done by universities. They offer nursing diplomas or degrees which take three years to complete. The diplomas however are being phased out and most universities are moving to degree only in September 2011 – all universities must move to degree only by September 2013 to work as a nurse in the United Kingdom you must be registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council. The title Registered Nurse is only given to you when you have that registration. To be a social worker you would need the following qualifications – a three-year undergraduate degree or a two-year postgraduate degree in social work that is approved by the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). Many university courses are full-time, although some work-based routes with part-time study may also be available. You will typically need the following qualifications in order to study for an undergraduate degree in social work: five GCSEs (A-C) including English and maths  at least two A levels, or an equivalent qualification such as a BTEC National  Diploma or NVQ Level 3 in Health and Social Care. You should check entry requirements, as colleges and universities may accept alternatives like an Access to Higher Education or substantial relevant work experience (paid or voluntary). If you already have a degree, you could do a two-year postgraduate Masters degree in social work. When you apply for social work training, you should ideally already have some paid or voluntary experience in a social work or care setting. You will also need to pass background checks by the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS). Previous convictions or cautions may not automatically prevent you from this type of work. 2 – In order to become a Deputy Manager of a day service such as Crown House, I would speak to my current manager and find out all the information I needed to know. I could also get in contact with the companies head office and if need be any training providers. 3 – The next steps in my career pathway are as follows Any refresher training to update my knowledge and remind me what I learnt last time, this will include NAPPI training. Attend first aid course and SOVA course annually Complete NVQ level 3 by December 2015 Mental health training by June 2016 Outcome 5 – Understand how issues of public concern may affect the image and delivery of services in the sector 1 – The following are cases where the public have raised concerns regarding issues within the care sector: Winterbourne View Baby P Ash Court Fiona Chisholm Orme House 2 – Abuse took place at Winterbourne View, a hospital for patients with learning disabilities and challenging behaviours in Gloucestershire. A Panorama investigation broadcast on television in 2011, exposed the physical and psychological abuse suffered by people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour at the hospital. Local social services and the English national regulator (Care Quality Commission) had received various warnings but the mistreatment continued. One senior nurse reported his concerns to the management at Winterbourne View and to CQC, but his complaint was not taken up. The footage showed staff repeatedly assaulting and harshly restraining patients under chairs. Staff gave patients cold punishment showers, left one outside in near zero temperatures, and poured mouthwash into anothers eyes. They pulled patients hair and forced medication into patients mouths. Victims were shown screaming and shaking, and one patient was seen trying to jump out of a second floor window to escape the torment, and was then mocked by staff members. One patient was repeatedly poked in the eyes. A clinical psychologist who reviewed the footage described the abuse as torture. On 21 June 2011, 86 people and organisations wrote to the Prime Minister, David Cameron about the revelations, We are aware of the various actions currently being taken within and outside government – such as the DH review and CQC internal inquiry. We hope to make submissions to those both individually and collectively. However, on their own these will not be enough and a clear programme is needed to achieve change. The prime minister responded saying he was â€Å"appalled† at the â€Å"catalogue of abuses† Panorama uncovered. In June 2011 the Association of Supported Living issued a press statement, which was followed up in writing to every member of parliament in the United Kingdom, calling for community based supported living services to replace institutional services for people with learning disabilities. The Daily Mail said Without the investigation by the BBCs Panorama, given huge coverage in the Mail, the abuse of patients at Winterbourne View might be continuing to this day. As it is, the secure hospital and two other care  homes have been shut down, 11 guilty staff have been brought to justice – and a devastating report now exposes the serial failings of the local NHS, police and health watchdogs. For the past year, the Leveson Inquiry has focused relentlessly on the failings of the media. Never let it be forgotten how much this country owes, in the fight against cruelty and corruption, to its free Press. The Daily Telegraph said, It is impossible to read the details of what went on at Winterbourne View, a care home for the severely disabled in Gloucestershire, without feeling repelled. In the wake of an exposà © from the BBCs Panorama, 11 members of staff were convicted of almost 40 charges of neglect and ill treatment of those in their care. The national regulator, the CQC did a nationwide check on facilities owned by the same company, Castlebeck Care – as a result three more institutions have been closed. The CQC reported a systemic failure to protect people or to investigate allegations of abuse and said that Castlebeck Care had misled the health watchdog. The CQC also inspected 132 similar institutions and a Serious Case Review was commissioned. The head of the Care Quality Commission resigned ahead of a critical government report, a report in which Winterbourne View was cited. Mencap published a report warning that similar abuse could be going on elsewhere and calling for the closure of all large institutions far from peoples families. Eleven people pleaded guilty to criminal offences of neglect or abuse as a result of evidence from Undercover Care and six of them were jailed. Immediately after the eleventh person pleaded guilty, the Serious Case Review was published, revealing hundreds of previous incidents at the hospital and missed warnings. 3 The public seems to have lost faith in such regulators and companies as this has been reocurring for a number of years. The media have issued a lot of publicity stating how care companies, social services and regulators have let the victims down by simply not taking these cases seriously enough and ensuring the well-being and standards are being met. The public may feel  reluctant to use the care services to look after their family members. These issues also give the care sector a bad reputation. 4 – Recent changes in service delivery which have affected own area of work includes staff being supervised and appraised on a regular basis, changes to medication being administered, NAPPI training to prevent forceful restraining, ensuring incident/accident forms are completed correctly and signed by witnesses if needed and up to date training, policies and procedures.

The Berlin Wall :: European History Cold War

The Berlin Wall Throughout the history of the World, there are many great facts, and things to learn. There is an abundance of information out there not only about our country but about the rest of the world also. After researching the Berlin Wall, I was quite interested, and did not realize what I was missing out on about the past history of our world. I am going to share all that I learned about the Berlin Wall, and how it made a difference in our past and future times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Berlin Wall was built on the night between 12th and 13th August 1961. Everyone always asks why the Berlin Wall was built and what did it stand for. In 1945, following World War II, Germany was divided into two countries - East Germany and West Germany. East Germany was controlled by the communist regime of the Soviet Union while West Germany became a democracy supported by the United States. Berlin, the former capital city, although entirely within East German borders, was also split into two. On August 13, 1961, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) decided to block off East Berlin and West Berlin by means of a barbed wire. Streets were torn up, and barricades erected. Rail lines and the subway between East and West Berlin was torn up. People of East Berlin and the GDR were no longer allowed to enter West Berlin disrupting 60,000 commuters who were employed in West Berlin. Within the year, construction work began to build a solid wall separating the two cities. The German Democratic Republic along with 60,000 commuters, under the leadership of Erich Honecker. The Berlin Wall fell down on November 9th, 1989. In my opinion, the Berlin Wall was built simply because; Germany was controlled by Communist Regime, and by the Soviet Union. Those two groups are not going to get along, and that is why I believe they were split up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since I learned to read music, and play it well, it has been a large part of my life. I learned that just playing the note on the page perfect is not music. To play music well, you have to feel it in your body, spirit, mind, and soul. The music that has been picked out this year, in my opinion, is the best music I have ever played. My favorite is 2nd Dawning, and not just because I have to write about it, but it really is.

Kids should be monitored on the internet Essay

The internet is known for many miraculous advances in today’s technology. We have an unlimited quantity of knowledge on this so-called information super highway. Plus we can purchase merchandise, and talk to friends and family from around the world without leaving the comfort of our own homes. Seems great right? Sure, but if it’s placed in the wrong hands all of this can be spoiled. Particularly when a child is sitting behind the computer screen. This is why I believe children should be monitored while being on the World Wide Web. There are numerous dangers out there that both parents and children should be aware of. First, there is the subject of the â€Å"new and improved† way of shopping, on-line. If a child wonders onto a website of this sort then the child may be able to by something that cannot be afforded, or something the child is prohibited to own, but this is only the beginning of the problems your youngster will encounter if he or she is unsupervised or uneducated about on-line purchasing sites. They might reveal important information such as name, address, credit card, number etc., and if a website is not secure (make sure the website as a privacy policy of some sort) then a hacker -someone who illegally gains access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system- may use your personal data for things such as identity theft, and they might even want to learn the whereabouts of you and your little one. It ordinarily doesn’t get this extreme, but you should never take any chances when dealing with something this serious. This leads me to my most important issue. Pedophiles and pornographers on-line. This is an utmost danger for kids on the internet. Kids can find themselves on a pornographic website unintentionally while just surfing the web. For instance if they type the wrong characters into the address bar (Examples: typing .com instead of .org) you may be asking yourself â€Å"Why is this allowed to happen, shouldn’t there be guidelines?† Well in 1996 congress passed a provision known as the Communications Decency Act, (CDA) which was designed to protect children from indecent material on-line. In 1997 the Supreme Court ruled the CDA unconstitutional. It was said to be  against the first amendment, freedom of speech. Lastly, we are on the most critical of things. On-line pedophiles or â€Å"Internet Predators† These are people who prey on children and persuade them to do things that the predator desires. Usually without the child knowing or realizing what is happening is wrong. Predators try and find children on-line such as websites, chat rooms and even e-mail. Usually the predator will try and make friends with the unsuspecting child often pretending to like the same things or even to be the same age as the child. After corresponding with the child for a while the predator will usually want to talk on the phone or meet in person. This could lead to unspeakable situations where the child may be sexually assaulted or even killed. In a study done in 2000, it was discovered that nearly one in five youths had received an unwanted sexual solicitation or approach. It is extremely saddening to hear about these dreadful crimes. Although it is chilling to hear about these crimes, there are ways to protect yourself and your young-ones from the dark places on the internet. First, parents must educate themselves about cyberspace. Most parents don’t even know what a chat room or a screen name is. Another way to keep internet safe is to have your computer in a public place in your home such as the living room or kitchen area. You may be saying to your self that you can’t watch your child all day, but in cases like this you can always get some kind of software that allows you to block certain web pages and even sites with key words (example: drugs, sex, violence) Never forget though not to be too over protective, because if something does happen your kids might be afraid to mention it, in fear that you will be angry with them. In case of an emergency or you just have a question about online safety call the CyberTipline (1-800-843-5678)

Early Years Foundation Stage Essay

1. What are the four stages of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) framework? The EYFS is a frame work setting standards that cover the care, development, learning of children from birth to the age of five. It was first established under the Childcare Act 2006. The new framework will come into force 1st Sept 1014, until then the current EYFS 2012 is statutory. There are four specific areas of the EYFS which are: A unique child, positive relationships, enabling environments and learning and development. These provide guidance on best practices and procedures and the framework is applicable to for all environments that support children from birth to 5. Some of these would be, maintained schools, non maintained school, independent schools, child minders, pre schools and nurseries. Exceptions to these would be if a child had a nanny, or parent toddler groups (where the parent is expected to stay with the child.) Within these four specific areas there are also 7 areas of learning and development. Children should mostly develop the 3 prime areas first. These are: Communication and language, physical development and personal and social and emotional development. As children grow these prime areas will help them to develop skills in 4 specific areas which are Literacy, Mathematics, Understanding of the world and expressive arts and design. Each of these stages (or steps) have guidance (goals) as to where the child should be at regarding their age and stage. These stages are fairly flexible allowing staff/parents to be able to monitor the progress of the child whilst maintaining and keeping in with the Childs own unique interests and needs. 1.The Unique Child Babies and children develop at different rates and ages. However all babies must develop skill 1 before they develop skill 2 and so on, an example would be a baby must first learn to crawl (in some form) before it will walk, or learn to make sounds before it talks. Links from body to brain are essential in early child development. Children are vulnerable and without love, care and nurture from parents and carers will not develop the necessary skills, emotions and resilience of a child who had this care and nurture. These early relationships with parents/carers are essential and can strongly influence how children develop socially and emotionally. Children develop communication skills at a very early stage. Babies learn to  cry, and this is the earliest form of communication, babies communicate through facial expression, they learn to smile by watching their parents /carers, learning through having frequent enjoyable contact. Making â€Å"baby,† noises, gurgling through to laughing. Babies and children also learn and develop through play helping to develop their physical, social and emotional, communication and cognitive skills. Recognizing that all people (Adults, babies and children,) have rights and must be treated fairly. This is irrespective of age, sex, ethnicity, race, wealth, disability etc. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued within any child setting. It is important that all children receive the same amount of care and support within the setting to ensure their overall development. It is important to assess the needs of each individual child to ensure that the individual child can r each their full potential. All babies are vulnerable and rely on adults to keep them safe. To feel safe and secure in a childcare setting is paramount. Younger children can begin to learn about keeping themselves safe through conversations, poems and stories. This help to keep children resilient. It is also important that we teach children boundaries. Children will continue to test these boundaries, but though nurturing children and explaining rules and consequences as a positive constant, children feel safe and secure in their environments. They begin to learn what is acceptable and not acceptable in their various environments and the difference of right and wrong., This is also imperative when it comes to children making choices and assessing their own risk, helping to develop their physical and physiological well being. Children’s health and well being are effected by their genes and the environment in which they are brought up in. Children who have their emotional and physical needs and wants met in an accepting, loving and understanding environment are children whom develop confidence, are resilient and self assured. Children gain a sense of well being, it helps with social skills – they are able to make friends, communicate themselves in a self assured way, share and enjoy life. Teaching healthy eating habits, maintaining the children’s interest in the health of their own bodies, role modeling this and showing posters of healthy food and fruit are ways of promoting this to children giving them choices, encouraging them to be part of a group as they start to become more in control of their bodies. Giving children a safe, clean healthy  environment aids with their physical development ensuring adequate clothing and footwear, a stimulating environment and access to the outdoors and the stimulus that this provides. For babies and young children, sleep and rest is also an important factor to aid heath and well being, as development is rapid in the first 3 years of life. Positive Relationships Every interaction is based on a positive relationship. Children are able to function better and feel safe when they are in a positive, loving relationship with their family. This flows when they make their transition to the child care environment. By involving and accepting the child’s family and working as a team with the child and their family creates a positive environment in which the child can best adapt and develop. Through mutual support of family and practitioner, shows the child we are interested in their feelings, interests and abilities. Whilst still having a professional distance from families, being friendly towards family but not being in a friendship. A parent/practitioner partnership helps to develop systems which can help scaffold children’s individual efforts and independence. Positive communication with parents enable practice that creates stimulating relationships with both the child and the people involved in their family, creating the goal to which the child feels safe, valued and included, where differences are embraced. Enabling Environments ensure that all babies and children in an Early Years Setting have the correct resources to enable the need to develop and learn. Showing parents and carers that the environment meets their child’s individual needs helps to create a positive partnership between parents and professionals. We can do this be ensuring children have stimulating resources available to them, equipment that helps to develop both physical and cognitive development. Providing resources related to the children’s cultures, religions, communities, experiences and achievements. This also helps with practice relating to inclusion, whilst providing other children with learning opportunities they may not experience in their normal everyday life. All learning development outlines that children’s development and learning rate are different. This is especially true when supporting children with disabilities or special educational needs. This is when guidelines need to be followed and care plans are put into place. Children’s learning development needs to be planned for in an EYFS setting. Children must be given the opportunity to explore different subjects made to engage them in their age and stage of understanding, these should be enjoyable but at the same time challenging encouraging children to think critically when involved in their play. This is where Planning, Observation and Assessment cycles come into play. â€Å"Observation involves practitioners observing children to understand their level of achievement, interests and learning styles, and then to shape learning experiences for each child reflecting those observations.† Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage – 2012 With children in an EYFS setting early observations are vital to determine how far a child is with their development. It is important to observe a child within the three prime areas. Through these primary observations assessments developed and individual educational plans can be put i nto place to ensure the childs specific needs are met. In order to gain a level of children’s development, we use development statements. These are a list of statements that outline the four stages ok the EYFS framework Including 7 areas of where a child should be in regards to their learning development. They are either working towards or have achieved the early learning goals. This is all age and stage related and helps determine any gaps in observations, as well as the child’s strengths and weaknesses. These EYFS assessments are continuously reviewed by the practitioner who discusses findings with the parent during the prime areas of development which are between the ages of 2 & 3 years. This is then reviewed at the end of the EYFS period which Government deem to be at age 5. During the observations and assessments of the prime areas there are also 4 specific areas that will develop as the child grows. These are literacy, mathematics, understanding the world and expressive arts and design, which are also age and stage related. 2 Summarise the psychological development theories outlined in this course. Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget were all theorists who gave ideas regarding children’s development through their years, from developmental stages, cognitive/intellectual stages and milestones. Jean Piaget’s theory is that children develop through 4 stages. The Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs) This is where the child understands the world  through their primary reflexes, looking, sucking, feeling, then as the child develops so do the schemas, Piaget states that this is first found accidently by the child then done purposefully for enjoyment. As the child progresses they do things by trial and error as the child realizes actions have a reaction, for example picking up a rattle then moving it creates noise. Creating a noise may get attention from a care giver. This knowledge is moving from the actual action of movement and reaction to the actual cognitive thought process. Milestone Object Permanence The second stage Preoperational (2-7years) This is the stage where children develop language, and become adept at using symbols which may have many meanings. An example would be a cardboard box becomes a car, a television, a bed anything that the childs imagines it to be through ro le play. A child had not yet developed logic and has an outlook of self-importance. Milestone Egocentrism Stage Three is Concrete Operational (7-11 years) Children now begin to develop a greater understanding of concrete events, they are logical in their thinking but have difficulty when relating to hypothetical events or situations. They realize that their own thoughts and feelings may be different from others thoughts. Children become less egocentric and begin to understand that something may stay in the same quantity even though the appearance has changed. If two pieces of paper are the same length and one length has been scrunched up, children will assume the scrunched is shorter if the Milestone conservation has not been reached. Formal Operational (11+Years) Children begin the ability to think in an abstract manor. They are able to reason things in their heads and conclude possible outcomes. Children are able to think about thinks they may not have experienced and still be able to determine possible endings to scenarios. Milestone, manipulation of ideas. Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychosexual development, describes how personality develops during childhood through the â€Å"id†. This is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The â€Å"id† is driven by the pleasure principle. Freud’s theory is based on five stages. Oral – (O-1 year) The primary source of a baby’s pleasure is through feeding, the interaction occurs through the mouth and the baby gains pleasure from the carers who is feeding the baby and develops a relationship of trust and comfort with the feeder. Milestone Feeding Anal Stage (1-3years) Freud believed the primary source of libido  was on controlling the bladder and bowel. When a child has developed this control over their body it is believed this sense of achievement and accomplishment leads to independence. Parents who praise positive outcomes lead children to feel capable and productive. Milestone Control over body Phallic Stage (3-6 years) Children develop feeling of jealousy. Freud suggested that boys become jealous of fathers affections towards their mothers. Children as a result of these feelings were also able to understand the fears of punishment. Milestone Jealousy Differences Latent (6 years-puberty) The early part of Latent is where children become interested in their peers, lasting meaningful relationships are formed, they become interested in hobbies and other interests, the later part of Latent is when children develop further relationships, social and communication skills and self confidence. Children tend to more actively pursue activities they are interested in. Milestone Interest in hobbies and others. Genital Stage (puberty-death)Freud suggests that in this last stage, the person develops a sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage begins at puberty but remains with a person throughout life. Interests in the welfare others should now be established, Freud determined that once all stages have been met the individual should now be an all rounded well balanced individual. Milestone Sexual interests and a well balanced lifestyle. Erik Erikson also theorized upon personality, however, whereas Freud took a sexual approach, physcosexual, Erikson took the â€Å"ego† approach, psychosocial which was all about the â€Å"ego† of the human, rather than the â€Å"id† that Freud discussed. The â€Å"ego† was more about the role of society, culture and conflicts that took place within itself – the devil and angel on your shoulder. Stage 1 Trust vs Mistrust (0-18mth) Babies/young children begin to develop a sense of trust from their primary care givers, if the care is constant, then trust develops. If not then Erikson claimed the child will develop a mistrust even fear and will not have confidence in the world around them. Milestone Feeding Stage 2 Ear ly Childhood (2-3years)Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt. By this stage, children are walking, able to chose (toys, directions to walk in) becoming more independent and developing autonomy. The aim Erikson suggested, was to let the child attempt and try at risk, even though failure may be possible, Erikson said it was better to praise the child for its attempts. â€Å"They must not criticize the child for failures and accidents  (particularly when toilet raining.) The aim has to be â€Å"self control without a loss of self esteem.† (Gross 1993) Milestone toilet training. Stage 3 Preschool (3-5years) Initiative vs Guilt. Children become more social and are interested in developing games, interacting with one another, becoming more assertive. Children become more confident as they become involved more in play and lead others through this. During this time, other children may want to take control, or adults may â€Å"intervene† in some way, children then begin to feel inadequate which leads to a lacking in self initiative and feeling of guilt. Milestone Exploration Stage 4 School Age (6-11years)Industry vs Inferiority This is the most important time for anyone in the teaching profession. Children begin to develop coping skills, they are developing relationships with peers and begin to feel the need to win approval by developing specific competencies that are interesting and noted by society. Children take pride in their accomplishments and are keen to show all in their world their achievements. Erikson suggests at this point, if children are not commended, or no interest is taken by their peers, family or care givers, and criticism is offered instead of praise, then the child may begin to feel inferior and have doubt in their abilities. Some children may just stop being interested in a certain activity. Milestone – School Stage 5 (!2-18years) Identity vs Role Confusion. Erikson suggests this is the age where children/young adults begin to gain t two identities a greater sense of self identity/awareness. They begin to look forward, to plan their futures Erikson â€Å"suggests that two identities are involved: the sexual and the occupational.† McLeod, S.A. (2008.) Children who experience constant negativity and rebuke from peers, trusted professionals (teachers) and family members can lead to a lack in confidence, low self esteem, and failure. 3.. Analyse the factors which affect child development. The factors which play a central role in children’s learning support the transitional process from EYFS into Year 1. â€Å"The characteristics of effective learning run through and underpin all seven areas of learning and development, representing process rather than outcomes.† EYFS Profile Handbook. There are three key characteristics of effective learning. Playing and Exploring, Active Learning and Critical Thinking. These  descriptions need to have a brief description through means of ongoing observations, relevant photographs, discussions with parents and relevant adults and should take into account all relevant information from the setting. The HLTA should encourage children by supporting and encouraging a child’s natural curiosity (Playing and Exploring.) This can be achieved through role play sought from the children’s own interests. By having – creating an excited and well resourced role play area encourages children to engage in play they may not normally choose, and to mix with other children they wouldn’t normally play with. Through providing varied materials children can use imagination and construct their own equipment for use in their play. The HLTA encourages to play through using encouraging praise and being aware of all children engaged in the â€Å"game.† And by giving children a language to think about by maybe first initiating language/vocabulary relevant to the role play. An example would be a shop area HLTA would use vocab. such as cost, money, buy, shop, etc. introduce mathematics through numeracy words. To then reflect with children about their play encouraging them to â€Å"chat,† about what they did, ask questions how, why, where, encourage children to think about what else they could do, improve on, get rid of – what’s good and what’s not, all helps the HLTA support children by trying different strategies, practice problem solving skills, through encouraging praise. We are then able to revisit the role play area, giving children time to explore the area, thinking about what they’ve discussed, encouraging other children to contribute. To encourage children to think critically is to support children in the development of their own ideas, develop their problem solving skills and develop their methodical approach to achieve an outcome. A HLTA could introduce a maths activity to support this. I would set up conversa tions regarding the resources such as weighing scales, and various sized and shaped parcels, some the same size but have a noticeable change in weight. We would have discussions firstly introducing language, heavier ,lighter, large, small, equal, balance. By asking children to chose a parcel they â€Å"think† is heavy (most will pick the largest) and compare that to another parcel introduces different ideas that biggest isn’t always heaviest. Children will enjoy investigating and figuring out. Asking children to compare weight in their hands and through use of the scales will encourage children to think through  the issue, through conversation and discussing mistakes children will able to see visual when using the weiing scales which parcel was actually heavier, asking other children to comment feedback and to â€Å"have a go.† And by supporting and respecting a childs efforts and thinking of new ideas i.e. how can we make it heavier on this side?†¦ I think that be introducing activities encourages children in active learning. It involves being calm at all times and to be able to calm children who may become over excited. Through constructive praise of their progress, achievements and failures. Helping children set new and different goals, encouraging children to watch and learn from other children through praise and encouragement. Teaching children to reflect upon their play, encouraging children to return to games, areas, activities that they may not have accessed for a while. Give children time to explore the activities and allow them to contribute. Through taking photographs of children engaged in an activity, and by returning to discuss the pictures at a later date, reminds the child and encourages them to think and recollect their experiences. Displaying these photos and giving them the child’s voice on either setting walls, or learning journals encourages children to contribute to their environment.