Nurse Practioner Admission Essay Essay

Since graduating in 2008 with my diploma in nursing, I have had many personal and clinical experiences. The challenges I have faced have facilitated my competency as a nurse and increased my desire to continue my education in nursing. My introduction to emergency room nursing was during my senior year as a nursing student, as a patient care technician. Even though some days were trying and there was a lot of learning to be had, I almost immediately knew this is where I belonged. I have continued my career in the emergency department, where I have been working as a registered nurse for 5 years. During my career I have performed in many different roles, including patient care technician, new graduate nurse, staff nurse, triage nurse, preceptor and mentor for students and new employees, and even the role of charge nurse. The challenges of working in a high volume emergency department, caring for a diverse and complex patient population have been abundant. Emergency nursing is my passion and I am driven by the opportunity to expand my knowledge base and nursing practice. Now that I have fulfilled my goal of completing my bachelors in nursing, I aim to challenge myself further by obtaining a master’s of science in nursing. The independence and autonomy required to provide high complexity care is crucial in an emergency setting and these traits are what draw me to the role of a nurse practitioner. My experiences as an emergency room nurse have enhanced my knowledge and ability to manage and care for critically acute, as well as chronically ill patients varying in ages from infant to elderly, with different cultural and religious backgrounds. Becoming a nurse practitioner will allow me to continue providing care to varying populations, with a variety of health issues, while still giving me the opportunity to make a difference in people’s health and overall well-being. My professional goal is to use my studies and skills to become the most competent clinician I can be, while maintaining one of the most important qualities, compassion. Becoming a nurse practitioner who treats the whole person and not just a medical condition is very important to me. The diversity of the emergency room has taught me that providing excellent care is much more complex than treating an illness. Each patient has unique needs and the ability of the healthcare provider to tailor their approach in assessing and treating each patient is crucial in providing optimal care. Follow through is an aspect of nursing that I look forward to in the role of nurse practitioner, as the setting I currently work does not often allow for this. In the emergency room, we stabilize patients and then they are moved to another department or unit; we infrequently know the final outcome or see the end result of our care. Building on existing skills and the opportunity to implement new ones, such as this, to better serve and assist the same patient population is what pushes me to continue my education in nursing. I thrive in situations that are challenging and intense, which the nurse practitioner program will prove to be. The lifelong reward of a career that has meaning and value to me is worth the sacrifices. I am confident with my experience, the skills I have developed and the challenges I have faced, not only in my career but in life, I am capable of succeeding in almost any situation and I look forward to the challenges and success of becoming a nurse practitioner.

Criminalistics Week 11 Ind Homework Essay

This method is helpful because the searcher is moving from an area light with evidence to an area where more evidence is most likely to be found. Because the searcher may not be able to complete a perfect spiral evidence could be missed. Wheel/ray search-employs several people moving from the boundary straight toward the center of the scene or from the center straight to the boundary. This is not preferred because areas between the rays are not searched. Quadrant/zone search-involves dividing the scene into zones or quadrants and team members are assigned to each section. This method is best suited for scenes that cover a large area. 2. What is the difference between a primary and a secondary scene? A primary scene is one at which the original incident occurred. The secondary scene is a location that became part of the crime scene by activities after the initial incident, such as using a car to transport a body. 3. List three methods for crime scene recording. Notes, photography, and sketches. Notes-the notes should start by identifying the person who contacted the investigator, the time of the contact, and all preliminary information enclosed, including the case number. Photography-crime scene photographs can show the layout of the scene, the position of evidence to be collected, and the relation of objects at the scene to one another. Photography is also important for documenting biological evidence in its original condition because this kind of evidence is altered during testing. Sketching-a sketch shows the layout of an indoor or outdoor crime scene and the relationship in space of all the items and features significant to the investigation. It is important to illustrate the location of collected evidence. Sketching clarifies objects and features already described in notes or shown in photographs. 4. What are aperture and f-number? How does the aperture relate to the f-number and how does this affect the amount of light to which the film exposed? The aperture is the size of the diaphragm opening through which light enters the camera. The f-number is the diameter of the lens opening for light to pass through the camera. One adjusts the aperture by setting the f-number, which is equal to the focal length divided by the aperture. Thus, the aperture and the f-number are inversely related. The lower the f-number setting, the wider the aperture and the more light it allows in. 5. What is the depth of field? How does a camera’s the f-number relate to a depth of field of the photographs it produces? The depth of field is the range of in the foreground and background of a photographic subject that are also relatively in focus. Landscape mode on a digital camera automatically selects higher f-stops to improve the depth of field when the background and foreground are important. The portrait mode selects lower f-stops to decrease the depth of field and make the subject stand out clearly against a blurred background. 6. What should medium-range photographs taken at the crime scene show? What should appear in every medium-range photographs and why? Medium-range photographs should show the layout of smaller significant areas of the crime scene. The items that should appear in every medium-range photograph are evidence markers and they are to show the spatial relationship between and among pieces of evidence in greater detail than the overview photographs.

Learning through Print and Film Essay

History is expressed in different ways and through different mediums. This is also the case for the history of Martin Guerre which was a prominent personality in French history. He has numerous contributions in the building of the French world of which includes, but not exclusive to, philosophy, law, sociology and history. Martin Guerre became the subject of various historical learning materials from print to film. This paper will be using two primary sources for the comparative analysis of the two different mediums for learning history specifically the book written by Janet Lewis and the film directed by Daniel Vigne. Before continuing the discussion of the topic of this paper, it is important to note that there are different interpretations of history that is dependent on the individuals who interpret them. Another is that the differences regarding historical accounts are also affected by the point of view. These two concepts are also present in the creation of learning materials regarding history where the gap between the written work and the visual work can be considered to be growing depending on the individuals who create them. The difference between Print and Film based mediums of instruction Written and Film based learning materials are two very different mediums of learning history. Written forms of learning usually require more time and effort to both understand and appreciate since the times have already changed to create a society which is dominantly instant as well as visual though more information is readily available to those who take the time to learn them. Film based learning on the other hand may lose much of their meaning since creators essentially have control over the film. The primary constraint of films are their time limitations where most films can only present information that they have evaluate to be important and leave those that they have deemed unimportant unpresented. Provided the limitation, the nature of the film industry produces material that can be easily remembered and understood as it stimulates the mind of the individual where almost all information have already been processed. The only thing that individuals who watch these movies need to do is to absorb the knowledge being presented. These ideas will be explained in more detail in the succeeding discussions of the paper where the conclusion is an assessment as to which the writer prefers is a better medium for instruction in the historical field. Pros and Cons of Printed medium of instruction There are numerous pros to be considered when using printed materials for learning. One of them is the amount of data that can be present in printed mediums. There are usually more information that is present in printed versions of history which gives readers a more in depth understanding of the subject matter that they want to be learning. Writers of these materials provide as much information as they can in this medium of instruction. Usually, only factual information are included in these kinds of materials which can be considered as credible and â€Å"true†. Books, journals and other written forms of communication are also more strictly scrutinized since the purpose of such material is usually for learning thus provides the individuals a more credible source of information. Another advantage of this kind of medium is that readers are encouraged to think more in order to understand the matter that is being presented. They will be using their minds to imagine and interpret the matter which is said to develop mental capacity as well as its capabilities. Disadvantages of using the printed versions of history is that it is time consuming wherein a student would usually require large amounts of time, depending on the reader’s ability to read and absorb information that is presented in them. Also, printed materials are considered boring and more difficult to understand. This is one of the greatest obstacles to learning since students find it more difficult to be involved in the study of the subject matter if it does not spark their interest. Printed materials also usually impose a greater mental toll in the minds of readers which makes the use of books particularly more difficult to use. Another disadvantage with the use of books is its affordability. There are many books there and many of them cost a lot of money. Books considered better than others cost more than those whose credibility are not scrutinized. This way, buyers are ensured of credibility but at the cost of making it more difficult to acquire especially for students (though libraries can be used). Pros and Cons of Film Based learning Mediums Film based learning materials also have their own pros and cons. First to be explored is its advantages. Films are a great source of information especially if the person who made it is able to determine which information is more important than the others. Since not all information will be able to be presented using this medium of instruction, creators are already tasked with interpreting and analyzing the collection of data for those who will watch them. In other words, films already present their own interpretation of the data available to them which leaves the individuals who will watch an already digested version. Another advantage of using films as mediums of instruction is that they usually only take up a definite duration of time usually ranging from one and a half to two hours which allows time for other activities. This means that an individual could easily understand the film during that time and if not they can easily replay the film or parts of the film that they missed or did not understand. Films also provide its readers with a more exciting and enjoyable learning experience as films are especially made to stimulate its watchers to make messages easier to convey. Moving and dynamic characters that are viewed appeal to many more individuals since films are able to easily capture the attention of viewers, thus making them more perceptive to the lessons and messages of the film. The visual element of films also aid in the memory of students since they would be able to better remember events that had an impact to them. The disadvantages of film based medium of instruction on the other hand are also numerous. One is that since the presented information in these films are already interpreted and analyzed, it provides students with a limited perspective of the events that had happened during those times. Films provide those who watch it a pretty distinct and straight forward interpretation of the events showcased in the film which does little for other interpretations. Also, since not all information are able to be presented in the film, there is a high chance that some important information may not be included. The nature of films is primarily based on entertainment which means that some elements of the lessons and messages may not be given that much importance since it could be easily covered up with artistic elements. There is also a very high chance that the presentation of characters and events may be different from what had actually happened especially since films are highly subjective based on the views of their creators. The Presentation of Preference and Justification Being presented with the pros and cons of each medium, when given a chance to choose between the two to be used for academic study, two views will be taken into account. One is in the point of view of introductory courses, those who are taking the subject as an elective or those who do not plan on taking the subject as seriously. The other point of view is regarding those who plan on taking the subject matter seriously as the focus of their education. Those who take the subject matter only as an introductory course or only as a requirement and not as a serious topic for their course will be better served by using film based medium of instruction since the purpose of which is to encourage and spark their interest for them to decide for a more serious study. When they do decide for a more serious study, films are no longer seen as an effective tool for study since it would not be able to give them comprehensive knowledge about history. The serious study of history would require its student’s awareness of even small or minor events of a certain subject in order to facilitate better and deeper understanding. Overall, it is preferred that the serious study of history is to be conducted using printed material. This is simply a more effective way to develop academicians in this field since it develops the necessary academic discipline and different analytical skills. Also there are more sources that are created each year than the number of movies that are being produced in line with this matter. Also, films are more focused on the artistic value of the film rather than providing a source of credible and accurate depiction of historical events which makes it unfit for being a serious resource for the academe. The amount of information are only limited and there is very big risk of the interpretation by the film makers being wrong which would also mean that the impression and messages that they push out to the individuals may also be wrong or at the very least, inaccurate. Though, film resources are very convenient, they do not constitute nor facilitate actual academic learning and development of the necessary skills in order in the field. Comments Changing times usually also mean changing methods of learning. There are pros and cons in each of these mediums but the best mediums are those that provide its students with quality and credible information. As of the moment, printed materials are still the ones who are able to satisfy this requirement of the academe though other sources could still be used as supplementary tools for learning. Reading printed materials is still considered the best way to learn in the academe despite its crude mediums and limitations. There is no shortcut for knowledge and information can only be truly acquired through effort, persistence and determination to learn about the subject matter. Shortcuts would also only provide limited information which is not advisable in the academe. Perhaps in the future another medium would emerge and again provide individuals who wish to study history another kind of learning experience but until the time that they are able to reproduce the same accuracy and credibility that books provide, they would not be able to rival that of the books. Books or written accounts have been used since humans were able to formulate their own writing system. The method is still the most effective means to learn even until today perhaps because there is yet to be a method that can be used to rival it.

Language Therapy of Disorders of Fluency Assignment

Language Therapy of Disorders of Fluency - Assignment Example Moreover, there is his mother’s cousin who stuttered at a young age but later grew over it. Most of the young children undergo a period of stuttering of up to 5% of their speech. Majority of such cases are resolved either through treatment or spontaneously. Thus, chances are also high that Cara would grow over it by the age of five but the mother is concerned that the cycle is deteriorating since her stutters are more obvious and rampant now occurring on a daily basis. The second benefit is visible in the way her mother is concerned about her (Cara’s) wellbeing and thus took her to a speech therapist. She was concerned about the intervention taking place for her daughter. She indicated that Cara’s speech and language skills developed at a similar rate to that of her peers. However, the problem began soon after her 3rd birthday when she began stuttering and having real difficulties in pronouncing words. The stuttering appeared to have gone and then come back worse than ever. Thus, the mother was concerned about the welfare of her daughter since she felt the condition had deteriorated and she could not wait for a longer period before she could intervene for her daughter. The third advantage is the way Cara lives in a well-integrated nuclear family. She lives at home with her mother, father and her baby brother who is one year old. This nuclear family provides her with the required parental support (Cummings 2008). Her health condition is good and she has a very active lifestyle where she is able to meet all her milestones in development. Her gross and even the fine motors skills are of appropriate according to her age and she presents excellent play skills. Cara has developed her language and speech at a similar rate with her peers. This is a good sign indicating that her stuttering could just be a phase that she was going through and she could come over it before the age of five.

Digital Marketing Case Study 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Digital Marketing 4 - Case Study Example Their lifestyle also denotes a proper work-life balance. As per the demographic segmentation, there is increased percentage of middle age group individuals in UK market. Poverty level is considerably low in UK market due to economic stability in the geographical region. Cookery and textile business is utilizing online platform to communicate with target audience (Bea’s Handmade, 2014). Expert classes are designed for students along with production of unique textiles for UK consumer market segment. However majority percentage belongs to middle income group segment and this requires proper designing of communication strategy. Technological developments in UK have been able to transform its business environment. UK government is actively involved in lump sum investment towards research and development activities. Funds of  £4 billion have been allocated in R&D sector. Key developments have been mainly in communication and internet segment. The rapid change of broadband diffusio n has enhanced growth of internet and mobile communications. Technological development has also encouraged transfer of high street shops to online platform. This aspect has been incorporated in the marketing strategy of cookery and textile business. Online platform such as Facebook, Twitter, etc., is being utilized by the firm to promote products and interact with customer base (UK Parliament, 2015). Governmental support towards developing new communication channels shall be an opportunity for the business in future years. As per the analysis on income distribution in UK market, majority of population belongs to middle income group segment. This might negatively affect Becky’s business to certain extent since individuals would not have high disposable income to be spent on cookery classes or handmade products. Positive impact on the business shall be in the form of governmental support to promote textile products. Culture of UK denotes a proper work-life balance,

Morally permissible for abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morally permissible for abortion - Essay Example In this article, two basic assertions will be fortified – one that there are no good grounds to believe that abortion is morally incorrect and secondly, that there are good causes to prove that abortion is morally permissible. Providing a brief critique of a known pro-life argument is deemed necessary before we proceed with the construction of an argument for the moral permissibility of abortion. The eminent anti-abortion philosopher Marquis has stated that â€Å"the future of a standard fetus includes a set of experiences, projects, activities, and such which are identical with the futures of adult human beings and are identical with the futures of young children...it follows that abortion is prima facie seriously wrong.† According to him, killing a fetus is nothing but killing a human being since the fetus is a future resemblance of human being which makes abortion morally wrong. He added that killing a fetus certainly implies a potential loss of value. All pro-life a ctivists believe that killing children and infants is wrong in the same way as it is killing any human being (cited in Marquis 184-185). To counteract the premises of Marquis, Mary A. Warren, a well known pro-abortion feminist philosopher deduces the following anti-abortion argument: 1) It is wrong to kill innocent human beings, 2) fetuses are innocent human beings, and 3) therefore, it is wrong to kill fetuses. ... e biological species Homo sapiens and incorporates not only functioning children and adults, but also fetuses (even very early fetuses) and alive human bodies without working brains (e.g. those in irretrievable comas). The human in the moral sense refers to all beings who are full-grown members of the moral community and includes all but only persons. Warren further states that if ‘human being’ has the same meaning in both the settings then one of them is questionable. The argument either presumes that it is incorrect to kill a fetus simply because it is a homo sapient or it is a member of the moral community. Further arguments are required to clarify the matter since both the claims are controversial. To clarify this matter, Warren next considers whether genetic humanity is sufficient enough for moral humanity.   She asks â€Å"What characteristics entitle an entity to be considered a person [in the moral sense]?† Exemplifying her theory of personhood, Warren s tates that a being or entity to be considered a ‘human being’ or a ‘person’ in the moral sense must possesses most of the following characteristics: ‘(1) Consciousness, (2) Reasoning, (3) Self-motivate activity, (4) communication capability, and (5) the presence of self-concepts and self-awareness’. She further added that the degree of a being’s similarity to a person decides its degree of right to life. In other words, the more resemblance a being holds to a person, the stronger are its consideration for having a right to life, and the stronger its right to life is. On the basis of this theory, she claims that a fetus doesn’t have any similarity to a ‘person’ at any stage of its development to be considered enough for having the right to life (cited in Warren 259-260). Moreover, on the

Identify points of Comedy and Tragedy on the "Big Two-Hearted Essay

Identify points of Comedy and Tragedy on the "Big Two-Hearted River" by Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example omedy takes place when Nick goes to wade into the water and when he steps in, the current causes him to lose his balance and he slips on the rocks letting one of the grasshoppers to get away. â€Å"He was sucked under in the whirl by Nicks right leg and came to the surface a little way down stream. He floated rapidly, kicking. In a quick circle, breaking the smooth surface of the water, he disappeared. A trout had taken him† (50). This ends in the tragic death of the grasshopper but the initial drop and struggling of the grasshopper is somewhat comic based on the way Nick had let it go by slipping. The struggle that Nick continually goes through is also somewhat comic. Something continues to go wrong when he is trying to bag a larger trout. â€Å"The trout hung heavy in the net, mottled trout back and silver sides in the meshes. Nick unhooked him; heavy sides, good to hold, big undershot jaw and slipped him, heaving and big sliding, into the long sack that hung from his shoul ders in the water† (74). Tragedy is also something that occurs often in the story as illustrated by Nick when he guts and prepares to eat the trout by performing communion through eating the fish and drinking water from the river imitating what Jesus did in a church service when he used red wine to represent his blood and bread to represent his body. He performed what Jesus did as exemplified by the following. â€Å"Nick cleaned them, slitting them from the vent to the tip of the jaw. All the insides and the gills and tongue came out in one piece they were both males; long gray-white strips of milt, smooth and clean. All the insides clean and compact, coming out altogether. Nick took the offal ashore for the minks to find† (93). â€Å"He laid his rod down moved along to the shady end of the log and took the sandwiches out of his pocket. He dipped the sandwiches in the cold water. The current carried away the crumbs. He ate the sandwiches and dipped his hat full of water to drink,

About japanese history Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About japanese history - Coursework Example One would argue that if any punishment or the seppuku had to be committed; it should only have affected the alleged perpetrator; in this case Asano. Why kill him and his entire army? What is worse, his lands and all properties were to be taken. This type of punishment was just too harsh. And to imagine that it came from Kira, the supreme judge at the time!. The ronins were to be made leaderless besides confiscating their property. Their entire generations were to be wiped off the surface of the land. Irrespective of the strict nature of the laws, it is unjustifiable to kill impose seppuku on Asano and his men. A lesser form of punishment should have been used instead. In fact, I view the actions of the 47 ronins as heroic. They were revolutionary and although they knew they would be punished for killing Kira and his officials, they showed courage and loyalty to Asano who had refused to accept the bribe. I find Seppuku punishment just too irrational. The consequences of the actions of the ronins are that they proved they could be loyal to their master and that they could set an example even for future generations. This was a great sacrifice that would be very significant in marking neo-Confucianism. The Bakafu law and the Confucian classics most of the time complements each other in that they allow for revenge (Kaempfer et. al. 15). In this case, the revenge for Asano’s death is justified. He was a true Confucian. He was courageous enough to die for his master, an honorable act in Japanese history. He was a faithful servant. Through the revenge, they showed that they were real chuushingishi. During this era, it was also fashionable to avenge the death of a relative, friend or a master. A likely consequence of the killings would be that different factions would be divided about the authenticity of the punishment. Obviously, there would be varying views. The Confucians would want to justify the actions of Asano and the 47

Critical Thinker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinker - Essay Example alizing, synthesizing, analyzing, and evaluating the respective information generated from observation, experience, reasoning, reflection, and communication as a guide to belief and action (Ashraf, 300). Imam Ali is well thought-out as a religious critical thinker because all these aspects of critical thinking were shown in his life. His decision making as well as his actions were established on pillars of reason. This is evident by writings in the Quran, how he shied away from politics and his way of life on the basis of a strong religious background. As a critical thinker, Imam Ali’s personality stood out and thus influenced many people. In his life, we see that prophet Muhammad had elected him as his rightful successor. When the prophet died and another caliph was elected, he accepted him since the chosen ones by Allah’s people are chosen by Allah himself. Although he still believed that he was the rightful successor of Muhammad, he was prompted to pledge alliance to caliph ABU Bakr since there was a growing division among the Muslim people concerning the rightful successor of Muhammad. He said that his delay in pledging allegiance based on his belief prior to his title. In this context, he is a critical thinker since he chose to pledge allegiance to the caliph and his successor though he still believed he was the rightful successor to Muhammad. As a critical thinker, he did this in order to maintain unity among the Muslim people during the divide when Muslims were turning away from him. This is because he avoids emotional reasoning and acts in a manner that will help the nation to unite. Ali believed and respected Muhammad to be the prophet of God. He accepted Prophet Muhammad’s decision to give him his daughter for marriage since the Prophet claimed to be following orders by god on the issues. He also carries out the work of writing the Quran although he no longer participated in politics or war. He did this because Muhammad had chosen him as one of

Womens Health and Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Womens Health and Rights - Essay Example Females have the capability of carrying a fetus in their wombs. It is a distinct characteristic of females that males would not be able to replicate. This makes females an important entity in the preservation of mankind. However, with such importance, are females given the same importance with regards to health information and breakthroughs compared to the males? Females are continuously proving to the society that they are just as capable as the male members of the civilization. This is despite the fact that there are differences between the characteristics of the two genders. There are specific distinctions in health needs between males and females. A female’s reproductive system is more complex than that of the male. It is during the adolescence when females experience a number of physical changes. This is the time when females start having their monthly menstruation period. There are certain discomforts that go together with this health condition uniquely present in female bodies. There is neither an excuse nor a medication that can stop this health event from happening. There are sites in the worldwide web that aims to report health information and concerns. One of these sites is WebMD.Com. As the site’s slogan goes, if a person is well-informed on how to take care of their bodies, these people would have better health and will be living a better life. This site does have a specific page for women’s health that addresses women’s needs to be able to gain better knowledge of their physical well-being. It is truly necessary for medical information websites to have pages that would address to women’s health. There are health conditions that need to be addressed especially when they will eventually lead to life threatening ailments. The issues that are being tackled at the site vary from puberty to menopause. Navigating to the page is only a click away from the homepage. It is good that WebMD presents this page exclusively for women’s health. Even men can use this page as a guide in understanding their partners especially when women are undergoing hormonal changes. There are a number of ailments that only a woman can acquire. This goes hand in hand with their ability to get pregnant. Even if this is given information, women’s health is often neglected as men’s health is often the given more attention and focus. It is quite alarming though that the most discussed aspect on the site is related to the reproductive system. Females are smart and can understand information just like as their male counterparts. Health conditions are not always on the good side. When females are faced with serious health problems, lay down the truth and do not sugar-coat the reality. Birth control is one of the aspects that affect the females more than the males. However, this may also be the cause of several reproductive disorders that women acquire during their lifetime. A female needs to intake pills or i nject contraceptives to be able to control hormones that are possible for them to conceive. What are not clearly stated though would be the after effects of these medicines to women who would eventually stop using them and acquire the desire to conceive? Instead of stating artificial birth control methods, to truly protect women’s health, medical sites or institutions should promote natural form of birth control that would not manipulate hormones or genes that might be the cause for infertility and other ailments as their side effects. When a reader does not research further, only the positive effects or the negative effect of the medication can be known which can be considered impartial. If this website would stand for its slogan, the possible negative effects of medications to women at the onset should be

What Are the Challenges That Face a Psychotherapist Working with Self-Harm or Eating Disorders Essay Example for Free

What Are the Challenges That Face a Psychotherapist Working with Self-Harm or Eating Disorders Essay I begin this study by assessment of the presenting problem and significant issues pertaining to his mental health state at this point in time. Mr G is at present suffering from depression. Due to the depression he will have a lack of motivation, self neglect, low self esteem, and at times hopelessness, and helplessness. He will possibly have anxiety, which, due to his fatigue with his illness, will be exacerbated because of the stress reaction and increase in adrenalin. This will cause him to be exhausted and possibly in need of sleep most of the time. His self esteem issues will have an impact on his relationship with his wife due to the fact that he will become more reliant on her. This will make him feel disempowered. Mr G will have to get used to the idea that his wife has to care for him more, and this will have an impact on his own personal values and beliefs. Within their relationship there may be frustration from both parties, but there might not be opportunity to discuss such issues because of the embarrassment or depression that Mr G has at present, or it may be that doesn’t happen in their relationship whereby they discuss their feelings and emotions. Due to the stress surrounding these issues, Mr G finds the impact of this affects the sexual part of their relationship and now has a dysfunction causing him more distress and making him feel a failure. He doesn’t feel he can become intimate with his wife because of this factor and feels there is a large part of their relationship missing at present. All these factors become heightened at times, making the depression more intense, leaving him feeling vulnerable and worthless. Before looking at a care plan for Mr G, I need to assess the importance of all these issues and how they impact on him as a person. Then using my theoretical knowledge put those in order of preference to enable Mr G begin to take control of his life and increase his self worth. As a therapist I would begin to explore the relationship Mr G has with his wife and how he sees the relationship. Mr G will have his own thoughts and pre conceptions as to how she sees the relationship but he may not have explored that with his wife. The therapist at this point has to remain neutral as it would be easy to collude with the client with their presenting issues. The therapist is there to support the client and help the client explore and evaluate the relationship for themselves. We may begin by looking at the balance of the relationship. I would use the `set of scales? theory to explore this. Mr G would have to identify where the relationship was on a set of scales. Would the balance be even or would one side be higher than the other? Who is putting most energy into the relationship? Was one person more committed than the other? Is there equity in the relationship? By using this method I would gain insight as to the issues concerning Mr G and if they were negative statements because of his depression or self defeating in context, or if Mr G has communication problems with his wife or other issues. This would help with his explorations with his perceptions of the presenting issues or self awareness of how he alone sees the problem and the evidence he has to back up the thought s he is having. The therapist can also talk through with the client their perceptions of their own contributory factor to the present problem with the relationship which is very important to regain empowerment. As a therapist working with only one person in the relationship may not bring about great change but explorations with the one party can make that person look at the relationship and challenge or discuss with their partner the changes that need to come into play to enable the couple to function together, making their relationship more whole, each being aware of how the other one thinks, behaves, and knows each other’s likes and dislikes, their needs and beliefs, and in harmony with each other. My parents have this wholeness between them and are in a situation like that of Mr G. My father is disabled and relies on the use of a wheelchair and relies on mum to care for him. Their wholeness allows them to have a relationship which is special and one which most people comment on because the contentment and dedication to each other becomes very apparent when around them. In some relationships this wholeness can never be, due to the fact that trust is missing from the relationship, and trust is paramount to any relationship. Statistics say that 80% of marriages suffer due to one party or the other having an affair. There is still widespread belief that monogamy is natural and expected in marriages and in committed relationships, however, that doesn’t stop some from engaging in affairs. But why do they? One of the main reasons is they are not getting their needs met in their relationship. People become bored within the relationship, they may have a need to feel attractive to others, or they may not feel attractive to their partner. In some parts of society men feel they are not real men if they turn down the advances of a female. Some people find it hard, if not impossible committing to one person. Some people are thrill seekers and have affairs because they cannot pass up an opportunity for a thrill. A person may not be in love with their partner but fall in love with someone else. For some people with low self esteem when they meet someone who appears to care about them it’s a way of increasing their self esteem. As well as these factors there may be other issues that drive people to having affairs. The affairs can cause scandal and excitement in the media, as we are all enthralled by the affairs of the famous and powerful. This could encourage people to enter into affairs of their own. As we grow and reach puberty we are often not in receipt of suitable education around sex and relationship issues which can lead to some people not being able to talk openly about sex with their partners. In order to avoid affairs the couple need to be honest with each other, not slip into complacency in the relationship, and keep the relationship alive by communicating with each other about all aspects of the relationship in order to build a close emotional and sexual foundation within the relationship. In the case of Mr G, once we know how he sees the relationship with his wife, we would have a good understanding of how the equality is within the relationship from his perspective. As I have said previously his awareness of the relationship and his contributions within it will be a place to begin work and exploration. If the relationship has equality and wholeness there will be no evidence for Mr G that he is not contributing in a good way to the relationship. His negative thoughts towards the relationship will be unfounded in this case. Mr G will have great self esteem issues due to his sexual dysfunction and his age will play a big part in that too. As we get older we have to accept that some parts of our bodies begin to show signs of weakness and wear and tear, and in relationships, harmony, support, understanding, companionship and love of an unconditional nature all play a big part. If these are in place there may be very little need for sexual desires to take over and become as important as it may have done in teenage years. The sexual desires can be explored with the couple and referral to sex therapy may be the answer depending on the couple and their perspective on the problems. It may e that just cuddling, heavy petting and general physical contact within the relationship is what may be lacking. Once a physical disability is diagnosed that person may begin to feel helpless and not worthy of anything. Their negativity may escalate to the point that they don’t see or feel that life is worth living, as what is described in the case of Mr. G. A therapist has to try and get the client focused on what they can do with slight changes within their lifestyle rather than what they can’t do. When looking at this the first hurdle is acceptance of their disability. During this process the therapist will work on self esteem issues and acceptance of them as a person from within. The acceptance of the way their life may have changed since the disability plays a big part in their attitude and mental state towards their immediate future. A person who feels negative and unable to function may want to withdraw from society, will have low mood if not addressed, leading to clinical depression, will procrastinate and neglect themselves, all of which a therapist will address within the counselling sessions. In addressing these issues the client will begin to see a future and look towards it with a more positive attitude. The relationship between Mr. G and his wife and her attitude towards him and his disability will have great impact during this process, and it may need to be suggested that she seeks counselling in her own right to address issues she may have, to enable the couple to eventually work together. It may be they need couple counselling but to enable this to work successfully addressing their own personal issues beforehand will be a way forward with this. Looking at a ? time map` can help with both parties. The client can map out their emotional stressors and look into their partners stressors throughout life and it allows exploration of these stressors and the effects offlife events. When we look at sexual relationships and intimacy within the couple there are many factors to consider. The communication between each other about their individual sexual needs may be something they find difficult to discuss. It may be their upbringing is different causing problems later in life. When I look at my relationship with my husband communication plays a big part in our marriage but something which causes most problems. My husband carries core beliefs that we keep things between ourselves and problems encountered are kept within close family not discussed with extended family. I hold core beliefs that families go through things together and support each other without being judgemental. My family have always been open about their problems and share them together. These discrepancies can cause problems. Looking back at the case study Mr G may have core beliefs different to Mrs G causing problems and preventing them from discussing their sexual difficulties due to their upbringing and beliefs interjected by their parents and maybe similar problems, around not discussing certain issues including sexual relationships within a couple. Intimate problems should be discussed without prejudice or judgement and the couple should aim to discuss this in an adult manner without taking things out of context or as a personal criticism. Mr G could be blaming himself for his body not reacting to stimuli when Mrs G is not doing anything to make the stimulus happen. One partner may not want sexual intimacy but more kissing and cuddles. All these things have to be discussed between the couple in order to make the relationship work. Factors and life changes like operations, changes in medication, mental health difficulties grief and loss, stress and general fatigue can all affect the sexual drive and if not discussed between the couple can cause misinterpretation with regards to how one person feels towards the other creating disharmony. Couple therapy can help with these issues if the couple find it hard to converse with each other for whatever reason but the onus is on the counsellor to explore and make sure it’s what both parties want or else it may cause friction and the counselling becomes non productive. When couples go to a counsellor with sensitive or intimate problems the counsellor has to be both mindful and broadminded. As long as the couple both agree to the act and give each other consent to the specific behaviours then it will be part of their intimate and physical relationship. Any dysfunction then may need exploration and possible referral to qualified sex therapist who is experienced in such matters. Psychotherapy may help initially. With the exploration during this process the therapist has to check with the client that they have discussed the problem with their G. P and that there is no medical problem preventing sexual function. Also the client needs to be aware that an expectant success rate for erectile dysfunction is generally around 85%. During the counselling process the therapist will discuss what the client perceives as a fully functional sexual encounter. For some people they may need to adjust their perceptions on this. It is not essential for a women to have orgasm at each sexual encounter but their partner may well feel they have not concluded a satisfying encounter without an orgasm being present for a women. An important step in therapy is often to take the pressure away from the need for conclusive penetrative sex and concentrate on other forms of stimulation and pleasure with the consent of both parties. Men may want to go down the medication route to address their erectile dysfunction but this doesn’t allow exploration of other psychological issues which may be preventing resolution of the problem. Research has indicated that the best quality sex is experienced in married couples even though it is considered by society to represent a routine and boring way to indulge in sexual gratification. Men are thought to be at their sexual peak between the ages of 16-22yrs. As men age this youthful sexual functioning begins to change into a mature way of being. It becomes pleasure not performance orientated. Sex now comes with emotional intimacy, eroticism and spiritual union that were absent before. The sexual part of the relationship brings pleasure and there becomes a greater bond between couples as they become more committed to each other. When reading this I began to think of my parents and how committed they are to each other. They have such a strong bond and concrete relationship. They share everything, their thoughts and feelings, and are so open and honest in their relationship with each other. They have no barriers with each other. They joke about their sexual incapability’s due to both of them having physical problems but the harmony between them is such that they have no embarrassments, and are free to discuss exactly what is on their mind with no one taking offence. They sort every problem they may have had in their relationship by talking and being open and honest with each other and resolving it before going to bed that evening. A core belief of my parents is they never ever go to sleep on an argument, and they never do. Maybe if more couples spoke to each other about their problems in relationships and had this special bond with each other whereby they could trust and not be worried about offending their partner there wouldn’t be the need for so much couple counselling or people having affairs to give them what is missing from their current relationship. In the case of Mr G maybe the key to the way he may be feeling at present is communicate more with his wife. He may need to look at his own negativity and how that manifests itself within the relationship and look at reframing his thoughts about his sexual unctioning. i. e. `I am afraid to have sexual contact with my wife in case I let her down by not having the ability to have an erection? to `I know my wife will understand if I don’t have the ability to gain an erection and we can use other methods to gain sexual fulfilment and be close to each other?. After work on his self esteem this will become easier. The client needs to decide whether to inform his partner of the changes they want to make in order to address their mental health at this present time or the things their partner can do to help. Small achievable goals have to be put in place to enable the client to make changes at an appropriate level. Mr G would probably have a plan looking a little like this to work through. If I was the therapist working with Mr G I would present this to Mr G as a pie chart giving Mr G the chance to choose which he felt he needed to work through first giving him autonomy and empowerment to take charge of his life giving him self worth and a focus in his life. Identification of presenting problems, Acceptance of lifestyle changes needed to accommodate recent physical health problems Being aware of contributing factors that can affect mood and cause depressive symptoms, and to explore these factors including suicidal ideation and risk factors. Understanding anxiety and how to be mindful of his anxiety levels Addressing procrastination and setting small goals Looking into relationship difficulties and sexual problems Looking towards future goals and support networks for both him and his wife. Explore options for future aspirations as a couple including holidays and things they can do together given deterioration in Mr G, s physical wellbeing. This Plan would hopefully give Mr G insight into his presenting problem, and, depending on the work I would be completing, and which piece of pie I would be working through, would determine my approach in therapy. At the beginning of counselling a person centred approach is important, and allowing the client a safe space to discuss their problems is paramount. With the core conditions set down, the client has the safe space and this approach will develop naturally. When looking at the history of a client, and how their past events may influence the present, working in a psychodynamic way would help the client explore their core beliefs and thinking patterns. A c. b. t. model may be helpful when challenging negative thoughts, reframing, and assessing anxiety levels. This model will also be very useful when looking and working with future goals. I feel there is a lot of support we can offer Mr G with his problems. What initially is presented as a big problem, can be explored and broken down into segments, each segment can then be used to work towards a more manageable and successful resolution.

The factors, which affect demand Essay Example for Free

The factors, which affect demand Essay Demand is the quantity of goods or services consumers will buy at a particular price, at a particular time period. Market demand refers to the sum of individual demand for a good or service. It is assumed that the demand being represented is effective demand- the ability of consumers not just to want, but be able to buy the product. Quantity demanded is the inverse function of price, however there are other factors which influence the level of demand. Factors influencing individual demand differ from the factors influencing market demand. The price of other goods and services affects the demand for a product. If a product has close substitutes, then the responsiveness of demand to change in price is high. The level of income of an individual also influences demand (especially effective demand). The higher ones income the number of wants to be satisfied. People on higher incomes spend more money on goods and services in absolute terms, but less in proportional terms due to their lower average propensity to consume. Personal preference and trends in fashion also dictate the level of individual demand. The size of the population, age composition, distribution of people by sex, and socio-economic status influence the market demand. Big businesses study the composition of the population to best establish their most viable market place. Both consumer expectations and the level of technological progress influence market demand. These factors may affect demand either positively or negatively, resulting in an expansion or contraction of demand. The following model works on the assumption that aside from price all other factors will be kept constant. When the demand curve shifts to the right or left this results in consumers willing to buy more/less of the product at every possible price. A shift in the demand curve could be resulting from changes in tastes, real income, population size and composition, consumer expectations or technological progress. These factors often work simultaneously to increase or decrease demand. However these factors do not apply similarly to all goods. The demand for generic brand products decreases as income rises. The price elasticity of demand refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. Elasticity is represented by the mathematical formula where the change in quantity demanded is divided by the change in price. If the resulting coefficient is less than one, the product is said to be inelastic. Thus, if prices change by a greater proportion than quantity demanded, the product is inelastic. This applies to basic goods and services, necessities such as bread, and habit-forming goods such as cigarettes. A good is unit elastic if the coefficient of the equation is equal to one. Thus the proportional change in price is equal to the proportional change in quantity demanded. If the proportional change in quantity is greater than the change in price, then the product is said to be elastic. These goods and services are usually quite durable, and high priced such as furniture. There are usually lots of close substitutes, and the industry of the good or service is very competitive. These concepts of elasticity can be visually represented by the gradient or slant of the demand curve. The steeper a curve, the greater the inelasticity, as changes in quantity demanded is quite small. The elasticity of a product is important to governments and producers in making economic decisions. For producers, the elasticity of a product determines any possible price changes. If a product is elastic for example, a price rise may lead to lower total revenue as demand sharply drops. Over the long term businesses try to overcome elasticity by building consumer goodwill and brand loyalty through advertising. Governments, likewise exploit elasticity to maximise total revenue. Governments usually impose high taxes on relatively inelastic goods such as alcohol and tobacco. Despite the higher cost of the product, the demand remains relatively similar, and thus governments earn more from their taxation policy. Both demand and elasticity work in conjunction to influence the decision making process of business and government. They are subject to change due to a number of external factors, yet help in maintaining equilibrium in the  market. Graphs *demand curve *expansion and contraction in demand *shifts in the demand curve *elasticity

Current Status of Gene Therapy Research

Current Status of Gene Therapy Research Genes, which are carried on chromosomes, are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Although genes get a lot of attention, its the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. When genes are altered so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal functions, genetic disorders can result. Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. Researchers may use one of several approaches for correcting faulty genes: A normal gene may be inserted into a nonspecific location within the genome to replace a nonfunctional gene. This approach is most common. An abnormal gene could be swapped for a normal gene through homologous recombination. The abnormal gene could be repaired through selective reverse mutation, which returns the gene to its normal function. The regulation (the degree to which a gene is turned on or off) of a particular gene could be altered. How does gene therapy work? In most gene therapy studies, a normal gene is inserted into the genome to replace an abnormal, disease-causing gene. A carrier molecule called a vector must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patients target cells. Currently, the most common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA. Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. Scientists have tried to take advantage of this capability and manipulate the virus genome to remove disease-causing genes and insert therapeutic genes. Target cells such as the patients liver or lung cells are infected with the viral vector. The vector then unloads its genetic material containing the therapeutic human gene into the target cell. The generation of a functional protein product from the therapeutic gene restores the target cell to a normal state. See adiagram  depicting this process. Some of the different types of viruses used as gene therapy vectors: Retroviruses   A class of viruses that can create double-stranded DNA copies of their RNA genomes. These copies of its genome can be integrated into the chromosomes of host cells. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. Adenoviruses   A class of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes that cause respiratory, intestinal, and eye infections in humans. The virus that causes the common cold is an adenovirus. Adeno-associated viruses   A class of small, single-stranded DNA viruses that can insert their genetic material at a specific site on chromosome 19. Herpes simplex viruses   A class of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a particular cell type, neurons. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a common human pathogen that causes cold sores. Besides virus-mediated gene-delivery systems, there are several nonviral options for gene delivery. The simplest method is the direct introduction of therapeutic DNA into target cells. This approach is limited in its application because it can be used only with certain tissues and requires large amounts of DNA. Another nonviral approach involves the creation of an artificial lipid sphere with an aqueous core. This liposome, which carries the therapeutic DNA, is capable of passing the DNA through the target cells membrane. Therapeutic DNA also can get inside target cells by chemically linking the DNA to a molecule that will bind to special cell receptors. Once bound to these receptors, the therapeutic DNA constructs are engulfed by the cell membrane and passed into the interior of the target cell. This delivery system tends to be less effective than other options. Researchers also are experimenting with introducing a 47th (artificial human) chromosome into target cells. This chromosome would exist autonomously alongside the standard 46 not affecting their workings or causing any mutations. It would be a large vector capable of carrying substantial amounts of genetic code, and scientists anticipate that, because of its construction and autonomy, the bodys immune systems would not attack it. A problem with this potential method is the difficulty in delivering such a large molecule to the nucleus of a target cell. What is the current status of gene therapy research? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale. Current gene therapy is experimental and has not proven very successful in clinical trials. Little progress has been made since the first gene therapy clinical trial began in 1990. In 1999, gene therapy suffered a major setback with the death of 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger. Jesse was participating in a gene therapy trial for ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency (OTCD). He died from multiple organ failures 4 days after starting the treatment. His death is believed to have been triggered by a severe immune response to the adenovirus carrier. Another major blow came in January 2003, when the FDA placed a temporary halt on all gene therapy trials using retroviral vectors in blood stem cells. FDA took this action after it learned that a second child treated in a French gene therapy trial had developed a leukemia-like condition. Both this child and another who had developed a similar condition in August 2002 had been successfully treated by gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (X-SCID), also known as bubble baby syndrome. FDAs Biological Response Modifiers Advisory Committee (BRMAC) met at the end of February 2003 to discuss possible measures that could allow a number of retroviral gene therapy trials for treatment of life-threatening diseases to proceed with appropriate safeguards. In April of 2003 the FDA eased the ban on gene therapy trials using retroviral vectors in blood stem cells. What factors have kept gene therapy from becoming an effective treatment for genetic disease? Short-lived nature of gene therapy   Before gene therapy can become a permanent cure for any condition, the therapeutic DNA introduced into target cells must remain functional and the cells containing the therapeutic DNA must be long-lived and stable. Problems with integrating therapeutic DNA into the genome and the rapidly dividing nature of many cells prevent gene therapy from achieving any long-term benefits. Patients will have to undergo multiple rounds of gene therapy. Immune response   Anytime a foreign object is introduced into human tissues, the immune system is designed to attack the invader. The risk of stimulating the immune system in a way that reduces gene therapy effectiveness is always a potential risk. Furthermore, the immune systems enhanced response to invaders it has seen before makes it difficult for gene therapy to be repeated in patients. Problems with viral vectors   Viruses, while the carrier of choice in most gene therapy studies, present a variety of potential problems to the patient toxicity, immune and inflammatory responses, and gene control and targeting issues. In addition, there is always the fear that the viral vector, once inside the patient, may recover its ability to cause disease. Multigene disorders   Conditions or disorders that arise from mutations in a single gene are the best candidates for gene therapy. Unfortunately, some the most commonly occurring disorders, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, Alzheimers disease, arthritis, and diabetes, are caused by the combined effects of variations in many genes. Multigene or multifactorial disorders such as these would be especially difficult to treat effectively using gene therapy. For more information on different types of genetic disease, see  Genetic Disease Information. What are some recent developments in gene therapy research? Nanotechnology + gene therapy yields treatment to torpedo cancer. March, 2009. The School of Pharmacy in London is testing a treatment in mice, which delivers genes wrapped in nanoparticles to cancer cells to target and destroy hard-to-reach cancer cells. Read  BBC article. Results of worlds first gene therapy for inherited blindness show sight improvement. 28 April 2008. UK researchers from the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre have announced results from the worlds first clinical trial to test a revolutionary gene therapy treatment for a type of inherited blindness. The results, published today in the New England Journal of Medicine, show that the experimental treatment is safe and can improve sight. The findings are a landmark for gene therapy technology and could have a significant impact on future treatments for eye disease. Read  Press Release. Previous information on this trial (May 1, 2007): A team of British doctors from Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College in London conduct first human gene therapy trials to treat Lebers congenital amaurosis, a type of inherited childhood blindness caused by a single abnormal gene. The procedure has already been successful at restoring vision for dogs. This is the first trial to use gene therapy in an operation to treat blindness in humans. See  Doctors Test Gene Therapy to Treat Blindness  at www.reuters.com.   A combination of two tumor suppressing genes delivered in lipid-based nanoparticles drastically reduces the number and size of human lung cancer tumors in mice during trials conducted by researchers from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. See  Dual Gene Therapy Suppresses Lung Cancer in Preclinical Test  at www.newswise.com (January 11, 2007). Researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health, successfully reengineer immune cells, called lymphocytes, to target and attack cancer cells in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. This is the first time that gene therapy is used to successfully treat cancer in humans. See  New Method of Gene Therapy Alters Immune Cells for Treatment of Advanced Melanoma  at www.cancer.gov (August 30, 2006).   Gene therapy is effectively used to treat two adult patients for a disease affecting nonlymphocytic white blood cells called myeloid cells. Myeloid disorders are common and include a variety of bone marrow failure syndromes, such as acute myeloid leukemia. The study is the first to show that gene therapy can cure diseases of the myeloid system. See  Gene Therapy Appears to Cure Myeloid Blood Diseases In Groundbreaking International Studyat www.cincinnatichildrens.org (March 31, 2006).   Gene Therapy cures deafness in guinea pigs. Each animal had been deafened by destruction of the hair cells in the cochlea that translate sound vibrations into nerve signals. A gene, called  Atoh1,  which stimulates the hair cells growth, was delivered to the cochlea by an adenovirus. The genes triggered re-growth of the hair cells and many of the animals regained up to 80% of their original hearing thresholds. This study, which many pave the way to human trials of the gene, is the first to show that gene therapy can repair deafness in animals. See  Gene Therapy is First Deafness Cure  at NewScientist.com (February 11, 2005). University of California, Los Angeles, research team gets genes into the brain using liposomes coated in a polymer call polyethylene glycol (PEG). The transfer of genes into the brain is a significant achievement because viral vectors are too big to get across the blood-brain barrier. This method has potential for treating Parkinsons disease. See  Undercover Genes Slip into the Brain  at NewScientist.com (March 20, 2003). RNA interference or gene silencing may be a new way to treat Huntingtons. Short pieces of double-stranded RNA (short, interfering RNAs or siRNAs) are used by cells to degrade RNA of a particular sequence. If a siRNA is designed to match the RNA copied from a faulty gene, then the abnormal protein product of that gene will not be produced. See  Gene Therapy May Switch off Huntingtons  at NewScientist.com (March 13, 2003). New gene therapy approach repairs errors in messenger RNA derived from defective genes. Technique has potential to treat the blood disorder thalassaemia, cystic fibrosis, and some cancers. See  Subtle Gene Therapy Tackles Blood Disorder  at NewScientist.com (October 11, 2002). Gene therapy for treating children with X-SCID (sever combined immunodeficiency) or the bubble boy disease is stopped in France when the treatment causes leukemia in one of the patients. See  Miracle Gene Therapy Trial Halted  at NewScientist.com (October 3, 2002). Researchers at Case Western Reserve University and Copernicus Therapeutics are able to create tiny liposomes 25 nanometers across that can carry therapeutic DNA through pores in the nuclear membrane. See  DNA Nanoballs Boost Gene Therapy  at NewScientist.com (May 12, 2002).   Sickle cell is successfully treated in mice. See  Murine Gene Therapy Corrects Symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease  from March 18, 2002, issue of  The Scientist. What are some of the ethical considerations for using gene therapy? Some Questions to Consider What is normal and what is a disability or disorder, and who decides?   Are disabilities diseases? Do they need to be cured or prevented?   Does searching for a cure demean the lives of individuals presently affected by disabilities?   Is somatic gene therapy (which is done in the adult cells of persons known to have the disease) more or less ethical than germline gene therapy (which is done in egg and sperm cells and prevents the trait from being passed on to further generations)? In cases of somatic gene therapy, the procedure may have to be repeated in future generations.   Preliminary attempts at gene therapy are exorbitantly expensive. Who will have access to these therapies? Who will pay for their use?

The Black Assassin - Original Essay :: Papers

The Black Assassin - Original Essay It was a little windy out on that warm June day in Texas. People were seated all over the square in the town of Morano, as the Governor was about to make his long awaited big speech. Everyone was excited to hear what he had to say. That is everyone except for the dark figure standing in a hotel window at the opposite end of the square from the stage. No one could hear the clicking of metal against metal as the dark figure began to prepare a gun, resting it against the windowsill in the shadows. Below at the midst of the crowd a tall man stood looking around at all of the buildings as well as the people. A dark brown cowboy hat covered his brow from the sun as his dark chocolate eyes searched the area. "I know you're here." Whispered Bounty Hunter to Darren McClintock softly. Darren rested his hand on one of the pistols that were held in the leather holder around his waist. He continued his search of the crowd. He was dressed in dark brown leather chaps with a similar coloured vest, jacket and boots. His deep red flannel shirt hugged his chest and was becoming wet with perspiration. He had been on the trail of this outlaw ever since the first one and he knew that this outlaw would be here. There was no way that the Black Assassin was going to miss a chance like this. He thought back a year ago when he heard that Gerald Thomas was massacred while he rode along his block of flats. Than two months later Baron John Buckham was shot through the chest on his way back home from a day at work. A month later Mayor G.W. Clinton was killed as he came out of the town hall. Another month later the same fate fell upon Mayor Harold P. Phillips. These men all had two things in common; large amounts of money and the thought that they'd do anything The Black Assassin - Original Essay :: Papers The Black Assassin - Original Essay It was a little windy out on that warm June day in Texas. People were seated all over the square in the town of Morano, as the Governor was about to make his long awaited big speech. Everyone was excited to hear what he had to say. That is everyone except for the dark figure standing in a hotel window at the opposite end of the square from the stage. No one could hear the clicking of metal against metal as the dark figure began to prepare a gun, resting it against the windowsill in the shadows. Below at the midst of the crowd a tall man stood looking around at all of the buildings as well as the people. A dark brown cowboy hat covered his brow from the sun as his dark chocolate eyes searched the area. "I know you're here." Whispered Bounty Hunter to Darren McClintock softly. Darren rested his hand on one of the pistols that were held in the leather holder around his waist. He continued his search of the crowd. He was dressed in dark brown leather chaps with a similar coloured vest, jacket and boots. His deep red flannel shirt hugged his chest and was becoming wet with perspiration. He had been on the trail of this outlaw ever since the first one and he knew that this outlaw would be here. There was no way that the Black Assassin was going to miss a chance like this. He thought back a year ago when he heard that Gerald Thomas was massacred while he rode along his block of flats. Than two months later Baron John Buckham was shot through the chest on his way back home from a day at work. A month later Mayor G.W. Clinton was killed as he came out of the town hall. Another month later the same fate fell upon Mayor Harold P. Phillips. These men all had two things in common; large amounts of money and the thought that they'd do anything

Post World War Two :: WWII World War 2 Essays

Directly after World War II the US effectively â€Å"shut the door† on all communist nations. A red scare descended on the US as the iron curtain enclosed around Eastern Europe. Mistrust and misunderstanding led to decades of arms races and close calls with a people that helped us to defeat Hitler and Japan. Meanwhile, the â€Å"open door† in China was slammed in our faces by our own ignorance and suspicion. Though the confrontationist policy of the US may have been an effective tool to use in wartime while dealing with a dictator, it was not correct to use in peacetime. By misconstruing Stalin’s actions after World War II the US lost any chance of amiable relations. The US first misunderstood Stalin’s annexation of the Baltic republics. Moreover, a desire to have a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was mistaken by the West as aggressive Communist imperialism along the lines of Hitler’s pre-war expansion. Granted, Stalin did harbor desires to spread his ideology, as did we. However, his desire to defend the vulnerability that had been exploited so many times was the rationale behind the occupation of Poland. Moreover, the United States’ history of ideological imperialism is much longer and more â€Å"colorful† than that of the Soviets. Anti-Communist sentiments in the US government as well as the population fueled by misinformation cost the US any type of association with the Soviets. The post-war was the perfect time to become friendly with the Soviets. The Russians were decimated by the war and needed all the help they could get. Stalin’s possible acceptance of accommodation, though only out of necessity, could have been used by the US to gain ground in Asia. However, like always, our own paranoia catalyzed by confrontationist propaganda cost us any hopes of a relationship. A history of anti-Communist feelings compounded by this type of ignorance also led the US to lose all relations with China. By making the assumption that Mao ZeTung’s brand of communism was the same as that of the Bolsheviks, the US lost a potentially powerful ally. If the US had been more careful, if we had trusted those whose job it was to know, the division between the communism in Be-jing and the communism in Moscow would have been clear. Even if mistrust towards the Soviets remained the US still could have had some type of relationship with Mao’s China.

Adolf Hitlers Leadership and the Government that Follows Essay

Leadership, and the Government that Follows Measuring a ruler’s success can easily be defined in the satire Animal Farm. The spoof is based on a totalitarian leadership. The four main characters in this book are the pigs on the farm. They go against Napoleon’s will and represent the white movement. The reason this story becomes prevalent in the essay is because it shows how few people can turn around a society. Orwell describes in animal farm just how he got his idea for the novel. â€Å"I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge cart-horse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat.† This is the exact idea that Adolf Hitler had. If the people knew just how much strength they had as a whole, it was enough to over throw the power of one man. In Animal Farm, the pigs didn’t feel as if they were being treated equally and were able to over throw one leader who just so happens to be Mr. Frederick, the tough owner of Pinchfield who portrays Germany, or in finer terms, Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was a dictator of the German Nazi movement. He was born April 20, 1889 in the small Austrian town of Braunau. After a prior act in elementary school, Adolf soon became rebellious and began failing in the Realschule, which is a college preparatory school. After going through this dispute he finally left school all together by 1905. He refused to give in to the normal training of a regular job, so he began his years of amateur painting and dreaming of becoming a famous artist. This is the part many do no know of Hitler. He was ver... ...d in a communism no one rules essentially and with no power there are different eqallines which causes unfair rules and ends in the failure of a country. The reason why America is as strong as we are is because we have the democracy needed to have everyone living in peace. There are its downfalls, every country experiences them, yet our strenth as a whole picks us up everytime. It is the strenth created, practiced, and performed by the people which makes America’s leadership the best one to live under. Every person wants the chance to live in America, and its because of the system established that makes it so desirable. Leaders such as Adolf Hitler were great dictators, yet lacked the knowledge to keep their country the strongest in the world. Our laws and legislations are not always fair or right, but they adhere well to everyone and has set guidelines for us all.

IBM Essay

IBM is a multinational corporation that deals with communication technology, designing and selling of networking services. The company employees over sixty six thousand employees, its annual revenue as per 2008 was over thirty nine billion US dollars. It has its headquarters in New Orchard Road Armonk, New York. IBM is one of the top ten companies in the world that has been the most successful in acquiring other companies. Some of the best companies it has acquired have made it expand its operations as it integrates new skills and technology. IBM stands for International Business Machines. The company has won a good number of awards as it continues to receive recognition as the best in computer networking services. A part from networking business, the company is also involved in training programs to ensure empowerment of employees in the area of modern technology, Pugh (pp 20-26, 1995). It is also involved in environmental sustainability to maximize energy use. Despite the company being founded many years ago when technology was not at its peak, it has continued to make adjustments that has made its products to stand the taste of time. The company is sensitive to technological innovations and is therefore quick to make the necessary adjustments to its product. Being a networking industry, it believes in working with other companies to enhance sharing of ideas. Its consumer oriented focus has made it to diversify its productions. The company has always responded to the needs of consumers by reaching them despite their geographical locations. The company has several branches in other nations making their products even more accessible. IBM has had visionary leaders who have always strived to produce quality services. The current CEO, Samuel J. Palmisano is credited for his quality leadership that has made him work with reputable organisations. He is a focused leader who clearly understands his role as a CEO of IBM system. The company continues to grow strategically as its employees enjoy a good remuneration. Background of the company Harlow Bundy who was a manufacturer of time records founded IBM which was previously referred to as ITR in 1906. He moved his time recording company from Binghamton to Endicott in 1911. ITR merged with two other companies to form IBM. In the early years of its inception, the company employed three hundred workers bit by 1924 the employees had tripled to over nine hundred. The company had five buildings but by the end of ten years, the buildings had increased to twenty-five. Currently the company has numerous branches with thousands of employees. Currently IBM deals in products such as, IBM 650 RAMAC, the IBM 709 electronic data processing machine, the IBM 1401 data processing system and some of the System/370. The company was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. To enhance its operations, IBM liaised with other companies that would merge their products and talents. The biggest deal of the company was with star wind software. The company acquired Bundy manufacturing corp. , computing Scale Company, dey patent company, productivity solutions, green pasture software, trigo technologies and many more Thompson (pp 15-21, 1999). IBM has made several acquisitions, even though some have not been successful; it remains to be a leader in comparison to other companies in similar operations. During the dot com boom of 2000, IBM was the best in the world with a capitalization of over five hundred billion US dollars. By April 2009, the company had a capitalization of one hundred and four US dollars and still being ranked among the top companies. It was voted stock of the decade on NASDAQ. In 1990-2000, its7500 serious router was ranked third as the product of the decade. Apart from routing systems, IBM also deals in branch office routers, Ethernet switching, ATM networking, IP telephony, remote access and security. In 2002-2003, the company has received several awards namely; disaster relief and social responsibility in 2008, accessibility and kid smart in 2007, web adaptation in 2006 and reinvention education in 2005. The vision of the company is ‘we strive to lead in the invention, development and manufacture of the industry’s most advanced information technologies, including computer systems, software, storage systems and microelectronics. The revenue of the company is one hundred and three billion US dollars, net income is twelve billion US dollars, and total assets are one hundred and nine billion US dollars. The company has three hundred and ninety eight thousand, four hundred and fifty five worldwide. The records of stockholders are five hundred and sixty four thousand, two hundred and forty four.

The Us Health Care System Health And Social Care Essay

There are a broad scope of wellness attention systems all over the universe, with different histories and organisational support systems. In many states, wellness attention system direction and planning is carried out by different stakeholders such as authorities, public organisations ands other bureaus to be after, pull off, form and fund proviso of health care to the population they serve ( Anonymous, 2011 ) . The United States of America wellness attention system has been a complex issue to many citizens despite of its normal usage and long history. Health attention in US is a immense $ 3 trillion industry, it consists of 1000s of partnerships and independent medical patterns and supplier organisations like nursing places, infirmaries and other specialized attention installations. The United States wellness attention industry is graded 2nd as compared to fabricating sections. On footing of ingestion, Americans utilize more on lodging and nutrients than they use on medical attention ( Sultz & A ; Young, 2011 ) . Additionally, wellness attention is by far the biggest service industry in this state and besides the universe ‘s 8th biggest economic system. More astonishing than its size, nevertheless, is its complexness, non merely is this wellness attention labour intensive at every degree but besides the sorts and maps of its great forces change sporadically to get by to new ways of pr esenting attention services, cognition and progressing engineering. As it ‘s on a regular basis connected with advancement medical progresss now and so creates new challenges while work outing former challenges. The emerging of medical cognition that led to narrowly defined medical professionals has compounded a long standing defect of American wellness attention.Goals of wellness attention systemHarmonizing to World Health Organization, health care should be antiphonal to the demands of the population and proviso of effectual wellness service. Progress towards wellness attention relies on how systems carry out four of import maps viz. , funding, proviso of wellness attention services, stewardship and resource coevals. Other dimensions for the appraisal of wellness attention systems comprise of, quality, equity, efficiency and acceptableness ( Anonymous, 2011 ) .Suppliers of wellness attentionHealth attention suppliers are organisations or persons supplying wellness attention services. The wellness suppliers can be freelance or working as employed in health care establishments, whether for-profit or non-profit, or in a authorities organic structure or community-based service bringing point ( Clark et EL, 2010 ) . A position in the center of several Americans dictate that, in malice of intervention cost every bit good as other crisis in wellness attention organisation, they still get better wellness attention as opposed to many other states. In fact, 50 per centum of Americans surveyed for past old ages said U.S. patients receive better quality of attention than do those in other states, even though merely 40 per centum said they thought the US had the universe ‘s best wellness attention system ( Clark et EL, 2010 ) . While many Americans hold up authorities workss to hike intervention and diminish the disbursals of wellness attention, a latest canvass found out that 60 per centum are concerned on health care quality going worse if the authorities guaranteed wellness attention for all. However, there is no concrete grounds to demo that quality of wellness attention will cut down if it becomes cosmopolitan. Still, wellness attention suppliers, policy shapers together with the wide populac e have diverse ideas to which stage of wellness attention indicate its excellence and the 1s that are more important.Medical engineering public presentationThis is unmistakable retrieved in U.S. restructuring treatment that, accepted formations of characteristics that make up a excellent quality wellness attention include assortments of facets. even if seemingly excellent entail greater wellness merchandises, other characteristics measured analytical of quality materialize to convey approximately recognized visual aspect of United States wellness attention advantage, numbering a certainty that US citizens with excellent insurance coverage outstandingly gain from timely easiness of usage and easiness of entree of up-to-date wellness steps, devices, medical specialties together with extremely educated and submissive wellness attention experts, who are cognizant and without fail use the best accomplishments to their clients ( Clark et EL, 2010 ) . On the other manus, some claim that US have low-grade quality on attention topographic point to their reasonably hapless public wellness status and factors like obstructor to admittance for people without satisfactory insurance intervention or partial wellness readying beginning webs and unsatisfactory organisation amid beginnings in disconnected wellness attention bringing system. The full characteristics of quality every bit good as wider wellness system presentation are critical and echt concern. Specifically, US wellness attention focuses on efficiency or technological and clinical quality and respect excess measuring of excellence or wellness organisation modus operandi which are most straight connected: suitableness, defence, easiness of entree, satisfactoriness, and consciousness.Professionals and cons on credentialingSuccessful credentialing, merely hearing and entreaty processs all offer assorted virtues for a managed attention organisation. These virtues comprise of, hazard direction, official blessing, unsusc eptibility from service suppliers ‘ cases under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act and optimistic selling to people seeking to purchase wellness attention policies, possible member suppliers and clients ( Sobelman, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to the guess of inattentive credentialing, managed attention organisation is accountable and may perchance be considered apt because of uncovering a harmed consumer to the unprofessional wellness beginning by unsuccessfully transporting out a suited credentialing appraisal. The organisation besides take on a hazard that consumers can look to garner amendss if a consumer is harmed as a consequence of misconduct of a wellness beginning reckoned subsequently as unprofessional ( Sobelman, 2001 ) . A managed attention organisation that applies sensible attention in credentialing and measuring its wellness suppliers lessens its hazard of liability of a misdirection suit by one of its squad members.Comparison of US wellness attention quality with other statesHarmonizing to a research undertaken among five states, that is, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, US and England, comparings on original quality indexs exhibited that, each state maps extremely good than others as compared wi th four other states ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . Each of these states could better the excellence of attention. In Australia for case, malignant neoplastic disease endurance instances were usually at upper limit ( with exclusion of infant leukaemia ) , breast malignant neoplastic disease testing instances were besides at upper limit, asthma mortality instance was someway at lower limit, while influenza together with polio inoculation instances were at upper limit. However, happening of whooping cough in Australia was at maximal than any other state, exposing a opportunity for upgrading. In a state like Canada, rates of malignant neoplastic disease endurance were someway standard or beyond standard, together with the Numberss greater in kids with leukaemia. Rate of shot human death was by and large at lower limit. Transplant survival rate was besides someway at upper limit in Canada. Nevertheless, AMI instances were at upper limit in Canada as compared to New Zealand and Australia withi n aged persons. Data verifies Pertussis prevalence was at upper limit as compared to the four states apart from Australia ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . In instances such as self-destruction, the rates were marked minimum in England as compared to the four states, while inoculation for infantile paralysis was at upper limit. In add-on, malignant neoplastic disease endurance instances, cervical and breast malignant neoplastic disease showing were besides minimum in England. This verifies former European similarity and exposes a room for upgrading. Measless prevalence on the other manus, was comparatively high in England as compared to four states. The promotion in asthma instances for the old 20 old ages in New Zealand, is a clear accomplishment narrative, though there is clip for more betterment as colorectal malignant neoplastic disease moderate endurance rates were at upper limit ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . Additionally, suicide instances in New Zealand, specifically amongst immature grownups, were at upper limit as compared to the other four states. Stroke human death instances were really high amongst older people while Breast malignant neoplastic disease showings together with grippe and inoculation for infantile paralysis figure was someway at lower limit. However, chest malignant neoplastic disease instances in United States were at upper limit as compared to other four states, while testing rates for cervical malignant neoplastic disease were besides at upper limit. A major subdivision for consideration is asthma mortality well increasing within United States though decreasing in four states. As for graft endurance instances, they were besides at lower limit in United States. As United States now and over, maps comparatively better for these indexs, it ‘s non easy to settle that, it ‘s having better values for the medical wellness attention dollar as stated from the information. The large unsimilarity in the measure spent by United States on wellness attention as compared to the remainder of states might be justified merely if the extra money added any excess additions ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . Population analysis has indicated the excess outgo to be likely non buying advanced experiences with wellness attention organisation, with the exclusion of minimum delaies for no pressing operation. Recent research workers have besides reported America to be amongst underside quartile in public wellness attention facets like life anticipation and mortality of babies. From the above statements and findings, it ‘s really clear that, every state has a good quality of wellness attention. A figure of the indexs link on wellness affairs which amount to a immense cost of burg age of diseases within such states, whilst some similar graft endurance instances have minor deductions as respects population wellness. Other diseases like diabetes that represents immense portion of disease load are non included ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . However cardinal betterments on quality measuring abilities have been employed in several states that indicate a capacity for betterment. More important, implementing on Commonwealth Fund ‘s International Working Group concerned with Quality Indicators together with an indistinguishable attempt applied by a squad of some Norse states, an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has employed an attack to switch the whole work frontward, enlarge the capacity of states being engaged, commit the aggregation of these indexs and develop extra quality indexs. If one put into considerations the cost-effectiveness, it is non easy to clearly indicate out the ideal criterions for process indexs ; maximal instances are sensible, though at given peculiar phase fringy benefit is someway infinitesimal. In deficiency of these ideal degrees, it ‘s of import that states benchmark evaluations against those from other states such as the 1s listed supra. The above comparings exhibit that states offer these wellness attention intercessions at typically indistinguishable rates, though chances are present for states to raise the wellness attention criterion similar to the high quality states.Preventive attentionA confirmation on US comparings to other urbanised states as respects preventative attention quality is slightly assorted. Davis et EL viewed United States as holding reasonably high-toned preventative attention in a study that analyzed study comparing the quality of attention among five states . Eighty per centum of adult females in American reported to hold done a Pap vilification for the past two old ages and eighty four per centum of adult females in American whose age was 50 to sixty four old ages reported to hold done a mammogram for the past two old ages ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) .DecisionUnited States wellness attention has done so small to turn to the unimportant and uneconomical duplicate of some services in some parts and the absences of needfully services in others. As a solution, president Obama proposal for a cardinal reform of United States wellness attention system created a more rambunctious response by those with vested involvements in the position quo. Despite of the extroverted governmental intercession, wellness attention system is presently undergoing a revolution. Additionally, betterment materializes non by mandate, but alternatively via modernisation which is directed by specializers with a end to accommodate betterments against local fortunes. Assort ed beginning organisations provide quality wellness attention ( Clarke et el, 2011 ) . They endeavor to achieve the best wellness attention modus operandis as portrayed by professionals in healthcare subdivisions. Although grounds for better public presentation are multifaceted, high accomplishments are repeatedly attained because a set of suppliers together with stakeholders discovered a quality challenge and dedicated stuffs and forces to work on it. During the working, they may recognize new things, which may in bend be accepted and practiced by others.There still exist an purpose to accomplish higher criterion in constituents of the U.S. wellness attention quality.A