European Literature during the Renaissance

Elizabeth Commits Mrs.. Mullen AP European History 19 September 2013 Literature in the Renaissance time period introduced new themes and ideas to the European population. Such writings revolutionized Europeans opinions and the roles in society of man, the Catholic Church, and ancient Greece and Rome. Four Renaissance works, Oration on the Dignity of Man, The Prince, â€Å"Frederic's Falcon†, and The Abbot and the Learned Woman, reflect the humanistic, secular, and classicist themes through the glorification of man and subsequent indifference or criticism of the Church.Monorail's Oration on the Dignity of Man demonstrates humanism more than the other themes. The entire purpose of the address is to leonine and celebrate humans. Essentially, the general opinion holds man as â€Å"the mediator of all creatures, the servant of superior beings, the lord of inferior ones the interpreter of nature by the keenness of his senses, by rational inquiry, by the light of his intellect† (Miranda 335). Humanism is channeled particularly through the statement â€Å"we are what we wish to be† (Miranda 337), which praises the perseverance and confidence of man hat he may do and be anything he wishes.According to Miranda, humans deserve to strive for the highest honors and to be of equal power of angels and God, for he calls man to â€Å"let us emulate their dignity and glory and, if we desire it, shall be in no way inferior to them† (Miranda 338). Machiavellian The Prince involves humanism in the sense of praising the reality of humans. Through the example of Pope Alexander X', Machiavelli recognizes the struggles man faces and his incredible ability to prevail over such hardships. Alexander â€Å"great spirit and high ambition† allowed him to overcome obstacles and employ successful designs during his rule.There is also a great value in the â€Å"truth of things† and not the imaginary; princes aren't perfect, yet it is a balance between g ood and bad qualities which makes them successful. Even when discussing princes who came to power through corruption and crime, Machiavelli still admires their bravery and spirit. Of Prince Stagecoaches: in respect of â€Å"the velour with which he encountered and extricated himself from dangers, and the constancy of his spirit in supporting ND conquering adverse fortune, there seems no reason to Judge him inferior to the greatest captains that have ever lived† (Machiavelli 347-348).In addition, Vocation's â€Å"Feedings Falcon† also references humanism in characterizing human emotions of love, generosity, and compassion. Foddering, the protagonist, is wildly in love with Mona Giovanni. The story praises reciprocal human kindness and generosity, for his actions reward Foddering in the end with his marriage to Giovanni. Similarly, Erasmus The Abbot and the Learned Woman emends human love and respect of one another: the woman and her husband share a love for learning, wh ich brings them closer together.The piece simultaneously scorns disrespect and cruelty toward other humans; the Abbot, who is very sexist and rude to the woman, is made the fool in the story for being so ignorant and standing on weak, immature arguments. Secularism, the indifference or criticism toward the Catholic Church, can be identified in the Oration on the Dignity of Man mainly through the undermining of God's (and the Church's) power. The oration does not capitalize â€Å"he† when speaking of God, suggesting that God is of equal power as any ordinary man.Moreover, when God creates Adam, He gives him and all humans the power and freedom to do what they want: muff, unhampered, may determine your own limits according to your own will, into whose power I have placed you† (Miranda 336). This declaration gives God less control and dominance over man, thus heightening the belief that the Church and God aren't superior to man. In The Prince, continuous reference to †Å"Fortune† as determining humans' lives omits God from interfering in the lives of man; â€Å"it was through no fault of his but from the extraordinary and extreme malignity of Fortune† (Machiavelli 343).The pope's weak power over territory is highlighted through Pope Alexander Vic's conflicts with monarchical rulers and his inability to take lands belonging and not belonging to the church. Criticism is apparent in Alexander creation of Pope Julius II, for Machiavelli notes that â€Å"after using his reputation for liberality to arrive at the Papacy, [Pope Julius II] made no effort to preserve that petition when making war on the King of France but carried on all his many campaigns without levying from his subjects a single extraordinary tax, providing for the increased expenditure out of his long-continued savings† (Machiavelli 351).When remarking that â€Å"No Prince was ever at a loss for plausible reasons to cover a breach of faith†, Machiavelli accept s that royalty disobeys the church often, but it's commonplace and easy to cover up. Secularism is present in â€Å"Frederic's Falcon† because there is a complete lack of the Church and its role in society; Fortune is offered to as the ruling factor of life instead of God. In comparison, The Abbot and the Learned Woman is secular through outright criticism of the Church, portrayed by the abbot's character.He is rude, ignorant, condescending, and close-minded; for his poor reasoning and indignant attitude, he is the fool and loser in the argument. The story serves as a lesson for the Church to reform its ways and become more accepting, open-minded, and educated in the modernizing world around them. References to the study and revival of ancient Greek and Roman history are included n Renaissance works as a meaner to intensify the glorification of man during the humanistic movement.Classicism reinforces the beliefs of humanism by comparing man to revered Greek and Roman figures. In Oration on the Dignity of Man, â€Å"What a miracle, Oh Ecclesiae, is man! † indicates Ecclesiae, a son of Apollo and the ancient Greek god of medicine and healing. Associating man with such an important Greek figure heightens man's value and superiority. Later on in this speech, man is said to symbolize Protests, a sea god known for his ability to assume different forms. This imprison of humans to Protests emphasizes their extraordinary ability to be versatile and dynamic.In The Prince, a reference to Chirps the Centaur demonstrates the value of princes to understand how to act both like the man and the beast; many successful princes including Achilles were trained by the centaur. According to Machiavelli, â€Å"it is necessary for a Prince to know how to use both natures and that the one without the other has no stability' (Machiavelli 353). The development of humanism, secularism, and classicism in the Renaissance affected how writers depicted society at the time.New ideas of the superiority of man arose, revitalization ancient Greek and Roman figures in order to further glorify the human. Along with praise of humans also came criticisms of the Church, questioning the Church's outdated beliefs and common frauds, encouraging major reforms. Often the Church wasn't mentioned whatsoever, showing the dwindling importance and influence of the Church in society. Renaissance writers captured the changes in European life through their works by crafting clever stories while giving their two cents on the issues at hand and revolutions to come.

Facebook faces up, for better or worse? Essay

Facebook started as a â€Å"collegiate social network† (Atal, 2007). In May 2007 it abandoned the college niche and opened its doors to everyone. ComScore noted that â€Å"71% of users are now outside the college age-bracket† (Atal, 2007). There’s no doubt that the move significantly increased the membership in the network, but is their decision to open to the public undisputedly for the better? Facebook made its mark by focusing on a college niche. Their decision to veer away from this market could have serious consequences to the network. One trade off is between size and significance. A niche encourages specific, familiar and private network. â€Å"Student-exclusive networks provide users with a sense of importance: It’s easy to become a big fish in a small, students-only pond† (Atal, 2007). It gives them the feeling of belonging; of being a part of a community they can call their own. It connects them to people they can relate to. While membership is limited to a specific class of people, size is compensated by closer and more meaningful interaction between the members. The downside is, applications are also restricted to the interests of the niche market. Public networks on the other hand can reach more people. A diverse crowd needs varied things, thus they have bigger room for improvement and development. They are not limited to specific programs, interests or advertisements. By shifting to a public social network, Facebook got rid of its boundaries. It opened its doors to serve more people. It embraced an opportunity for growth. One of the issues raised is the reaction of the original members to the upgrade. â€Å"Facebook has such a strong hold on the college social networking market† (Atal, 2007). The change in focus market did not seem to affect the support of students.   Original members remained loyal to Facebook despite the change. Going from a niche to a public network is a new ballgame for Facebook. They are up against giant networks. They need to perform on a higher level. They have to create a niche amidst the league of giants in order to stay on top. Leaving their niche opened opportunities for new networks to step in. CollegeOTR.com, CollegeTonight.com, and CollegeWikis.com are three of the websites that are likely to benefit from this. Capitalizing on the niche left by Facebook, these network aim to create networks that are â€Å"as specific as they could be† (Atal, 2007). Conclusion Facebook’s decision to abandon the college niche and upgrade to a public social network is beneficial to Facebook. It offered opportunity for growth without alienating the original members. While the focus expanded to include everyone interested in joining the community, they can still serve the need for smaller communities by developing applications suited for this purpose. By upgrading to a public social network, Facebook put an end to the competition between Facebook and other college networks and paved the way for collaboration. One example of this successful partnership as mentioned in the article is the SuperWall (Atal, 2007).   CollegeWikis.com sponsored Superwall, a Facebook â€Å"application where users post college-specific information that is instantly communicated to the virtual message walls of other registered users at their college† (Atal, 2007).   Collaborations like this not only promote cooperation among the networks but also present the best of both worlds to the users. Facebook gave up its niche market to give way to improved service, diverse membership and better partnership with other networks. The decision positioned the company to serve more people, produce more products and services well into the future. Reference Atal, Maja. (2007, August 8). Facebook Faces Up. Businessweek, 1-2.

William Black - I Heard an Angel Singing - 1404 Words

WILLIAM BLAKE â€Å"I heard an angel singing† A Matter of Life an Death Abstract In this poem William Blake at the beginning speaks about an angel, who was singing in the small hours every day. An angel was singing all day about mercy, pity, peace, which is the world ´s release. Angel was positive feature. He tried to help people. His voice is really beautiful and people feel good during his singing. Devil cursed mercy, pity and peace, because he saw all men are happy in the world and they don ´t need any mercy, pity or peace. At a devil ´s curse the sun went down and it started heavy rain for three days. Devil do not know people, what they need. Devil is baddy. He try to destroy all the world. People have to have faith in God. Only He is†¦show more content†¦I think people had to recognize day and night, Angel and Devil, good and evil... â€Å"Down pourd the heavy rain. Over the new reapd grain ... And Miseries increase is Mercy, Pity, Peace.â€Å" In this part of poem Blake wrote about results of being stupid and bad guy in human world. There i s no human world without God. â€Å"I am Alpha and Omega...† These are the names of the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, and signify the same as what follows: The beginning and the end: the first cause and last end of all beings: who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty... These words signify the true God only, and are here applied to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who is to come again to judge the living and the dead. Revelation contains more apocalyptic predictions about the future than any other book in the Bible. Blake wrote about their visions too. Why is it easier to think of evil examples than good ones? Is it much easier to do something big and bad than it is to do something big and good? For example, perhaps many Americans consider dropping the bomb on Hiroshima good whereas many Japanese consider it evil. Some people don ´t know what they do. They don ´t have any time for anything. They are always running anywhere. And that ´s why theyShow MoreRelated The Voice of Billie Holiday Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessings as Our Lady of Sorrow(Davis 1), a representation of a whole people torn and discriminated against.   And though her speech is not spoken, she moves a crowd, one that gathers into many. Billie Holiday comes to prove that one womans voice, singing one song, that calls awareness to one issue of society, can change the world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Music has come to shape our views of society, love, race, and creed. We can all remember a time when a song evoked an emotion. The song seemed to expressRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1708 Words   |  7 Pagesboth males and females, were rebels for themselves. I believe that when they were writing at that time it was more for their own freedom and individual experience then other fellow Americans. Of course, that ended up not being the case, and today, over 60 years later American youth still read their works and feel powerful, inspired, and enlightened. I could write a massive essay of the importance of the female Beat writers as a whole, but today I find it important to focus on one who is still writingRead More Charles Fraziers Use of Music in Cold Mountain Essay3597 Words   |  15 PagesFinally, the musical natures of both armies created a bond that otherwise would not have been possible, forming brief alliances among enemies. The impact of music duri ng this period of American history was so great that General Robert E. Lee was heard to say â€Å"I don’t believe we can have an army without music† (Wiley qtd. in Waller and Edgington 147). 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At its simplest level poetry consistsRead MoreHeavy Metal Music7270 Words   |  30 Pagescharacterized by highly amplified  distortion, extended guitar solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are generally associated with masculinity and  machismo. The first heavy metal bands such as  Led Zeppelin,  Black Sabbath  and  Deep Purple  attracted large audiences, though they were often critically reviled, a status common throughout the history of the genre. 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Ltd.) 4626/18, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi - 110002 Website: www.studentsmorningstar.com E-mail: info@studentsmorningstar.com A Collection of ICSE Poems and Short Stories Volume I — Poems  1. Where the Mind is Without FearRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagesadditional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hia/summary/v032/32.1schaffer.html Access Provided by your local institution at 03/10/13 1:43PM GMT BOUND TO AFRICA: THE MANDINKA LEGACY IN THE NEW WORLD MATT SCHAFFER I I offer here a theory of â€Å"cultural convergence,† as a corollary to Darwin’s natural selection, regarding how slave Creoles and culture were formed among the Gullah and, by extension, supported by other examples, in the Americas. When numerous speakers

A Farewell To Arms Essays - 505 Words

Ernest Hemingway’s classic novel, A Farewell to Arms, is one of the greatest love and war stories of all time. The success and authenticity of this tale is a direct result of Hemingway’s World War I involvement. The main character, Frederick Henry, encounters many of the same things as did Hemingway and creates a parallel between the author and character. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, July21, 1899. He was a very handsome, athletic, adventurous young man. When the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, Hemingway tried to enlist in the army. He was rejected due to an eye injury that he sustained during his high school football career. Hemingway’s bold, daring, personality†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hemingway’s World War I experience varies only slightly from that of Frederick Henry. One night while stationed in Fossalta, Hemingway rode his bicycle, while dodging the Austrian’s crossfire, to bring chocolate and cigarettes to his friends in a nearby trench. Soon after he arrived at the trench, the Austrian’s launched a five-gallon canister filled with scrap metal. Many of the Italians in the trench were badly injured. While trying to rescue one of the victims, a machine gun shot tore through Hemingway’s leg. He fell, but he managed to get back up, and hobble with the other man to safety. The two were taken to a shed filled with dying or already dead people. About two hours later Hemingway was, like Frederick Henry, transported to an emergency medical post in Milan for his leg wound. It was there that Hemingway fell in love with an American nurse from Washington, D.C. Her name was Sister Agnes Hannah von Kurowsky. She grew fond of young Hemingway, but was discouraged that she was thirty years old and he was only twenty. Nothing ever really became of their mutual attraction. Perhaps Hemingway tried to relive and recreate his love through Catherine and Frederick. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is obvious that Hemingway created Frederick Henry’s character and experiences from his own. Because he endured the very things he writes about the reader is captivated by his detailed, believable story. Hemingway almost â€Å"was† and created oneShow MoreRelatedFarewell to Arms1472 Words   |  6 PagesYou are all a lost generation -Gertrude Stein This quotations importance on author Earnest Hemmingway is reflected in his modern Romeo and Juliet novel entitled A Farewell to Arms. The recurring tone of the novel suggests that the only reality is the harsh truth which is anything but romantic and proves that in the end, all is futile. This generation in which Stein spoke of to Hemingway is the generation of romantic war times. This idea is symbolized in the character Catherine Barkleys visionRead MoreA Farewell to Arms1229 Words   |  5 PagesStruik English 10-01-2013 How Hemingway uses style and language to reflect the ideas and themes in A Farewell to Arms. There are plenty of novels about World War I, most of them are about the cruel life in the trenches, the physical stress and the awful numbers of deaths during the battle. As a reader you think that you have seen it all, but then this book comes along. A Farewell to Arms is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway, which presents the love story between Lieutenant Fredrick HenryRead MoreA Farewell to Arms Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesA Farewell to Arms, one of the most renowned masterpieces of Ernest Hemingway, is a detailed account of life during World War I, which depicts a gruesome and deleterious reality of a soldier by incorporating themes of impermanence and change. The author of this work tries to convey his notions about the concept of war and love. Throughout the novel, relationship between man and woman in a grim reality of war is frequently discussed. Thus, A Farewell to Arms paints Ernest Hemingway’s view of loveRead MoreA Farewell To Arms Analysis1066 Words   |   5 PagesA Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, tells a love story between Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley during World War I. In â€Å"A Powerful Beacon†: Love Illuminating Human Attachment in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Joel Armstrong discusses the impact love plays in the novel and the debate many critics have over what sort of love story A Farewell to Arms really is (Armstrong 1). Randall S. Wilhelm mentions Henry’s effort in badly concealing his attempt to suppress his lack of love for Barkley aboutRead MoreCinematography of A Farewell to Arms593 Words   |  2 Pagesfeeling. A good movie must have all these certain aspects. In the award winning film A Farewell to Arms all this aspects are used to there peak not only by its Lighting but also by its point of view shots and montages they make you feel as if you know what the character is feeling and what they are about to do. All these things have to be thought about while watching or even making a m ovie. A Farewell to Arms is a love story between an ambulance driver and a nurse who will stop at nothing to beRead MoreAnalysis Of A Farewell To Arms1720 Words   |  7 Pages In the story, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms’, by Ernst Hemmingway, it is about an American in the early 1900’s during the first World War. The setting takes place in Europe, and the location includes countries from Italy to Switzerland. The purpose of this story is to show the negative impacts of war and how it affects people and the problems it causes in the world. Most people are against armed conflict because war generally brings little good to the countries that partake in the war. In the end, the costRead More Farewell to Arms Essay540 Words   |  3 PagesFarewell to Arms Death is often represented by traditional symbols ranging from the color black to the common tombstone. Besides these icons, other signs can stand for mortality including rain. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway associates rain with death many times. Although rain is not usually considered a symbol of death, the main character Fredric Henry discovers this natural occurrence is a personal theme he relates with death. The first time Hemingway uses the connection betweenRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms Assessment1649 Words   |  7 PagesA Farewell to Arms Assessment I believe Hemingway had been foreshadowing the novel’s outcome after the statement, â€Å"we did not do the things we wanted to do; we never did such things† had been expressed. This relates to the events later in the story when Henry has to decide whether or not he should stay in the army and when Catherine Barkley had passed away. 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The Parenting Styles That Has Changed Your Life With New...

Congratulations on your new little bundle of joy and entering into your next chapter in life. Motherhood will changed every aspect of your life with new challenges and rewards every day. You may feel over whelmed right now with the lack of sleep and new responsibilities, but remember to cherish every moment with your child because the time flies. When asking my mother about the greatest moments of raising a child, her first responses included simple memories. For example, when I smiled at her one day revealing two baby teeth. Remember your friends and family will be a great support system, but always follow your instinct instead of following all their advice. Your new role will be overwhelming at time. Therefore, I have written a letter with helpful advice and guidance to assistance you along this new amazing journey. When disciplining your child remember that the strongest influence on your parenting style is how your parents raised you (Brimhall, 2015). The three parenting styles that Barumrind discovered includes authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. These patterns parents display when raising their child can positively or negatively impact your child’s development. Parents who demonstrate authoritative parenting style are firm control on the child’s behaviors, but allow the child to develop autonomy. Unlike authoritative parenting style, authoritarian parenting style does not promote independency. Lastly, permissive parenting style is over indulgent with noShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Battle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesof two, a Yale professor, Chinese-American after she wrote the book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother in 2011. Chua has received death threats, blackmails, and different kinds of criticism regarding on how she raises her kids in the Chinese parenting style. 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Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. Answer: What is Down Syndrome? Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused due to the abnormal division of cells which leads to an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21 (Sherman et al, 2007). Jerome Lejeune, a French physician, developed the cause of down syndrome in 1959 (National Down Syndrome Society). In case of down syndrome, the count of chromosomes is 47 instead of 46 (half chromosomes comes from the mother and half from the father i.e. 23 from each). So this is due to having one extra chromosome number 21 in addition to the already existing normal pair. This type of down syndrome is called trisomy 21 which accounts for 95% of the down syndrome cases (Spencer, 2014). According to researchers the extra copy of chromosome 21 affects the normal course of development of an individual, and also there is an increased risk of health problems associated with this disorder (Dekker, De Deyn, Rots, 2017). Mosaicism is the least common form of down syndrome which accounts for only one percent of cases. This occurs due to a mixture of two type of cells, with some containing the usual count of 46 and some containing 47 chromosomes. People suffering from mosaic down syndrome have very fewer characteristics as compared to other types of down syndrome). Translocation type of down syndrome accounts for the remaining 4% cases of the down syndrome. In this type the additional full or partial copy of chromosome 21 attaches to the another chromosome (chromosome 14) (Dekker, De Deyn, Rots, 2017). The hereditary component is present only in one third cases of translocation down syndrome, that accounts for one percent of the total cases of down syndrome as a whole. This genetic disorder further affects the physical and mental wellbeing of the individual by slowing the development growth both physically and mentally. An individual with down syndrome may also suffer from heart and gastrointestinal disorders. Early interventions and better knowledge about down syndrome will greatly help in increasing the quality of life of the children or adult facing this disorder (Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, 2013). Small stature, low muscle tone, an upward slant to the eyes and a single deep crease across the center of the palm are some of the physical changes that are rightly noticeable in an individual facing this disorder (Dekker, De Deyn, Rots, 2017). However, these are not necessarily the only physical changes that an individual face. Language development is also very slow amongst the children facing this disorder. The study of Aburawi, et al, (2015) also finds that children suffering with down syndrome are significantly shorter and heavier in weight than normal children. Obesity is also a significant problem among such children. There can be behavioral issues also like attention problem, stubborn nature, obsessive and compulsive behavior etc. Autism spectrum disorder is also found in a very small percentage of people facing this disorder which affects communication and social interaction (Dekker, De Deyn, Rots, 2017). A gradual decline in thinking ability is also seen among the people with down syndrome as they age. Prevalence and cause of Down Syndrome Down syndrome is considered as the most common congenital anomalies that is affecting 1 in every 800 births. An individual with down syndrome may have a full extra or partial part of chromosome 21 present. However, the cause of this extra full or partial chromosome 21 is still unknown. The prevalence of down syndrome differs from country to country because of the various social and environmental factors. For, example the incidence of down syndrome may be lower in the developed countries, in comparison to developing countries. This could be because the developed countries in the Arab world may have better application and uptake of the antenatal diagnostic service and also receives the permission to terminate the pregnancy if such case is discovered. According to the study of Al-Biltagi (2015) the estimated incidence of down syndrome is between 1 to 10/1000 live births worldwide (p. 85). The only factor linked to an increased chance of having a baby with down syndrome is the maternal age (National Down Syndrome Society, 2016) and the risk increases with an increase in maternal age. According to a report the risk is 1:1000 at the age of 30 while at the age of 35 the risk is 1:400 (Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, 2013). According to a report the incidence of down syndrome in some Arab countries is slightly higher as compared to the other countries globally. The incidence of down syndrome in Dubai is 1:319, in Oman it is 1:500, Qatar (1:546), Saudi Arabia (1:554), Kuwait (1:581), Israel is 1:547 (Al-Biltagi, 2015). There are a number of factors associated with the higher number of incidence rate in Arab countries such as consanguineous marriages (marriages among first cousins), increased maternal age and having a high number of children, lack of prenatal detection which further to terminate pregnancies with down syndrome fetuses (Hamamy et al, 2011). Risk Factors For Down Syndrome People with Down syndrome often take some drugs and supplements to support their brain activities but according to a research the medicines are not able to make any specific change or there are no medicines developed till date that helps a person to recover from this disorder. The burden of this disease is very high in Arab world, because it results in significant morbidity, mortality and disability among the infants. The rate of children suffering with down syndrome in many Arab countries is increasing from 1.2-1.7 per 1000 mainly in the industrialized countries. This mainly due to the high proportion of the child birth. Having large number of children is a traditional and cultural element in the Arab world and they prefer having many children in family. This is a significant risk factor, as the mothers keeping giving birth to children till very old age that affects the health and well-being of the children being born in older age of mother. There are various social and economic trends associated with a high maternal age in the Arab world. This is due to the fact that most of the women in the Arab world choose high level of professional development in the early 20s and the early 30s (Al-Biltagi, 2015). The only reason associated with it is to provide better financial conditions to the family for a healthy living. So now the Arab world is also experiencing similar trends as that of the western world throughout the shift to industrialization, so there is a need to take the same measures or to adopt the same practices as that of the western world like antenatal screening using ultrasounds, amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling as well as preserving the oocyte (an egg bank) (Acikbas et al, 2012). This results in creating a significant burden of the disease. The high prevalence of down syndrome in Arabs is due to their socio-economic and religious belief that includes the common practice of consanguineous marriages, multi party and increased maternal age. Lack of educational awareness can also affect the prevalence and incidence of down syndrome. The lack of education also affects the health outcome of the people in Arab world. The people, who are not educated, do not understand the significance of the antenatal screening tests, which is significant for detecting the down syndrome in the babies (Korayem, AlKofide, 2013). Therefore, lack of knowledge and education of the parents also prevents them from taking antenatal screening and terminating such pregnancies. The people in Arab world are at the risk of genetic problem even if they have the family history of genetic disorder or not. Various countries in Arab world have also made the provisions for the premarital screening and antenatal screening. However, the poor access of people to such programs and facilities results in increasing the burden of disease (Al-Gazali, Hamamy, Al-Arrayad, 2006). Attitude of People The children suffering from down syndrome have different physical features, physical structure and also have language problems. Such children may face many difficulties in social interaction and may not get appropriate opportunity of social inclusion (Al-Kindi, Al-Juhaishi, Al-Saffar, 2012). Studies have found that there is a lack of awareness among the people towards the individuals suffering from down syndrome and this may result in discriminatory behavior towards them. The burden of the disease on the patients and families increases, due to the problem of stigmatization and social exclusion. Perception of the people towards down syndrome has been found to be very poor (Al-Kindi, Al-Juhaishi, Al-Saffar, 2012). People often hold negative opinion and negative attitude about people suffering from down syndrome. This can also result in many psychological consequences and can increase the burden of the disease Al-Biltagi, (2015). However, there is a lack of qualitative and quantitativ e evidences of the community attitude and attitude of people in Arab World. Although, it has been found that parents do have positive attitude towards the social inclusion of their children in schools, yet, in general, people in Arabian countries lack the awareness towards the intellectual disability disorders. Aims of Review Aim of the review is to provide significant and important evidences found in the literature. The search for the articles is conducted through PubMed also some of the articles are also added from the cross reference and other important journals. Down syndrome is a common congenital anomaly in Saudi Arabia. The frequency of such anomalies differ from country to country on the basis of various factors. Although, there have been decrease in the prevalence of such disease with the increasing technological advancement and treatment range, yet Down syndrome still significantly prevails and result in significant childhood mortality. Therefore, it has also been found that genetic disorder causes significant morbidity, mortality and disability among children in Middle East. Genetic disorder is the major problem in the Arab world. This review is mainly focused on discussing the current knowledge and understanding about the genetic disorders, such as down syndrome and its prevalence in Arab Worl d. The inclusion criteria that has been applied for the research is that only published studies and government reports are select for the purpose of this review. This inclusion criterion is applied in order to maintain the quality of the evidences. PubMed is specifically used to locate the articles, cross-sectional studies and quantitative studies for preparing this review. The statistically significant results can be appropriately obtained from the quantitative study. Therefore, the review has focused on finding and locating the appropriate and current studies that could provide the current rate of prevalence, incidence and effects of Down Syndrome in Arab World. Therefore, this review aims towards providing the effective and readable synthesis of the quality resources and could also help in enhancing the knowledge about the current area of research. The review also provides the directions for the future research in reference to down syndrome and its effect on population in Arab World. Methods The qualitative method and inductive approach has been used in preparing this review. Keyword research method have been used for locating the resources in PubMed. Some of the keywords that are used for locating the appropriate resources are Down syndrome, what is down syndrome, prevalence of down syndrome, risks associated with down syndrome, burden of down syndrome on population, incidence of down syndrome in Arab World, risk factors and down syndrome, prevalence of down syndrome in Arab World and reasons of down syndrome prevalence. Flowchart of the Final Number of Articles Retrieved for this Review Study Methodology is a very important approach for preparing the research articles and research studies. The key word search requires to enter the correct keywords and must be in line with the requirements and objectives of the study. The main objective of the study to provide the review of literature in order to find the evidences that can help in developing knowledge about the current scope and disease prevalence. Results This study is found to be significant because it provides important and current evidences related to down syndrome. The study also defines the genetic disorder, however, it lacks to provide the empirical evidences about the epidemiology of the down syndrome. This study can be beneficial in exploring the epigenetics associated with down syndrome. This is a very important study as it is focused on the Arab country and can help in informing about prevalence and epidemiology of down syndrome. UAE is a significant part of Arab World and a developed country. The prevalence of disease in this country provides a strong in sight about the reasons of disease occurrence and also inform that what challenges children have to face, who are suffering from down syndrome. This article helped in gaining the epidemiological information about disease. This study has been helpful in informing about the incidence and prevalence of down syndrome around the world. This study provides some strong evidences about the epidemiology of this genetic disorder and what are the major risk factors associated with it. However, the study lacks some significant empirical evidences. Study identifies down syndrome as the most common genetic disorder globally. One significant limitation of the study is that it provides the evidences from the sample of children from United States. This study is significant because it informs about the antenatal screening, which is significant for identifying the genetic disorder in babies. Screening is considered as the important and successfully developed as the biochemical marker and algorithms for identifying the risks mainly associated with trisomy 21 and 18. This study is very significant for increasing the awareness towards the process of screening that is mainly important in the Arab world, because the incidence of down syndrome in children is higher in Arab countries. This is a document that significantly address the issue of down syndrome in relation to Arab World. One significant limitation of the study is that it is not a journal article or papers, yet is associated with Arab Genomics, therefore, provides many significant evidence mainly associated with Arab countries. It provides the information about prevalence and incidence rate. The only limitation of the study is that it lacks empirical evidences from literature. The study discusses a very significant risk factor that results in high occurrence of down syndrome around the world. Study discusses the Consanguineous marriages as the significant risk factor for the occurrence of genetic disorder including down syndrome. This study is included in the research because Consanguineous marriages are customary and common in Arab World ad a significant reason of occurrence of down syndrome. This study is considered to be very important because its views the genetic disorder from the epidemiological perspective. It provides the prevalence data related to down syndrome in Arab world and also in many other countries. The limitation of the study is that it lacks empirical data. However, it also identifies the genetic and environmental factors that can result in causing down syndrome in children. However, study consider maternal age as an risk factor in occurrence of down syndrome. This study is conducted in Turkey, which is also a Muslim natation and also follows the traditions and belief according to people in Arab World. The author informs that down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality among the live births. Maternal age and lack of antenatal screening are considered as major risk factor. The study is a cross sectional study and provide empirical evidences. This study informs about the gap in literature, as very limited evidences are available on the prevalence of the congenital anomaliesin Middle East countries. This cross sectional study informs that prevalence of congenital anomalies in Saudi Arabian children is high because of the high consanguinity rate and high maternal age. This study is also important because it is community based and provide empirical evidences regarding the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and gaps in knowledge. This study compares the main characteristics of the individuals suffering from down syndrome with the normal subjects with the help of cephalometric radiographs. This study can be help in directing the future research regarding the treatment of individuals suffering with down syndrome. This study defines the down syndrome, however, lack data regarding the incidence and prevalence of the disease. This study is mainly focused on the prevalence and incidence of genetic disorder in Arab World. This study identifies the major risk factors such as high level of inbreeding, high maternal and paternal age and also large family sizes. This study found that there are various factors affecting the knowledge of people about disease. Therefore, it required that focus should be placed on enhancing knowledge and education of people and also improve the access of people to specialized genetic services. This study is very significant because it informs about the attitude of the people towards the individuals suffering from down syndrome. It explains about the burden of the disease on the people and their families. These evidences are important in order to design the future interventions for improving the life of people suffering with down syndrome in Arab nations. Name of Author and year Title Study Population Study Type Main Results Dekker, De Deyn, Rots,. (2017). Epigenetics and Down syndrome Cross sectional study The study help in explaining the genetic disorder of down syndrome and helps in providing the information about the genetic issues and epigenetics associated with down syndrome. Aburawi et al (2015) National growth charts for United Arab Emirates children with Down syndrome from birth to 15 years of age UAE Retrospective and cross-sectional growth study of Emirati children The incidence rate of down syndrome is found to be high in UAE. Study helps in explaining the others problems that children have to face with the genetic disorder of down syndrome. Sherman, S. L., Allen, E. G., Bean, L. H., Freeman, S. B. (2007). Epidemiology of Down syndrome Infants in United Nations Qualitative study Study provides the important information about the epidemiology of down syndrome. Study includes the information about the world prevalence rate of down syndrome and the risk associated with this genetic disease. Study determines the clinical cause, prevalence and incidence of down syndrome. Spencer, K. (2014). Screening for Down syndrome. United Kingdom Qualitative study Study informs about the definition and occurrence of down syndrome. Study also related the prevalence of down syndrome with the maternal age that is a significant factor for increasing the risk of disease. Centre for Arab Genomic Studies. (2013) Down Syndrome in the Arab world Arab population Review Study This study is very important as it provides the specific insight in the prevalence and epidemiology of down syndrome in Arab population Hamamy, Antonarakis, Cavalli-Sforza, Temtamy, Romeo, Ten Kate, Bathija,. (2011) Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva international consanguinity workshop report Geneva Qualitative review study The focus of the study is on the countries, where the consanguineous marriages are customary, which means the marriage in first cousins. This is a significant factor that affects the genetic factors of infants in Arab world. Study also explains that how such marriages and maternal age result in prevalence of down syndrome. Mohammed Al-Biltag (2015) Down syndrome from Epidemiologic Point of View World Population Review Study Study mainly focuses on informing about the various factors that affect the rate of occurrence of down syndrome across various population in different continents and countries. Paper recognized various genetic and environmental factors that result in increasing incidence of down syndrome in infants. Study also discussed potential risk factors. Acikbas, Tomatir, Akdag, Koksal, (2012) Retrospective analysis of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in Denizli, Turkey Turkey Retrospective study Study examines the prevalence variation of down syndrome. Retrospective analysis of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in Denizli, Turkey. study extracts the 16 years of the survey result to understand the prevalence and risk factors associated with down syndrome. AlSalloum et al (2015) Prevalence of selected congenital anomalies in Saudi children: a community-based study Saudi Children The stidy focused on the Saudi Children and also discussed the prevalence of the congenital anomalies in the children. Study found that down syndrome is the most common genetic congenital anomalies in the children and risk factors are maternal age and consanguineous marriages. Mohammed A. Korayema and Eman A. AlKofide. (2014) Characteristics of Down syndrome subjects in a Saudi sample Saudi Arabia Quantitative study The study focused on differentiating the characteristics of the individuals with down syndrome and compare them with the normal subjects. Study also provide the in-sight to many risk factors associated with this genetic disorder. Al-Gazali, Hamamy, Al-Arrayad, (2006). Genetic disorders in the Arab world Arab Population Cross Sectional Study The main findings of the study inform that genetic disorders are common in Arab countries that result in significant disabilities among individuals. Study informs that there is lack of interventions and programs directed towards the prevention of congenital and genetic disorders. Study also discussed that lack of antenatal screening also results in increasing the risk and prevalence of down syndrome. Sadeer G. Al-Kindi,Taha Al-Juhaishi,Atheer J. Al-Saffar. (2012) Community Attitudes Towards People with Downs Syndrome: A Sample From Iraq Iraq Cross-Sectional study The study used the self-administered questionnaire to understand the response of the people towards the inclusion of the people suffering from down syndrome in community. Study concludes that there is a need of organized campaigns and programs to increase awareness of people towards down syndrome. Discussion Down syndrome is considered and found to be the most common genetic disorder in the Arab World. The findings of the paper inform about various reasons that increases the risk of this genetic disorder in children. The findings of the study inform that some of the major reasons behind prevalence of this disorder are Consanguineous marriages, traditional and religious custom of marrying the first cousins, high maternal age and also multiparty. There are various genetic, environmental and social factors that can increase the prevalence of this disorder. Study found that antenatal screening is very helpful in finding the genetic disorder in the fetus and after knowing parents can terminate the pregnancy. However, due to religious and social restrictions and also due to economic and ethnic factors, abortion is not allowed and women have to give birth to children, even after knowing that child suffers from genetic disorder and will not be able to lead a normal life. In comparison to evidences from France and Europe, it has been found that abortion is allowed in France and Europe, therefore, the birth prevalence of down syndrome is reduced in these countries. For example, it was found that incidence rate of down syndrome in live births in Dubai is 1:319, it is 1:500 in Oman, 1:554 in Saudi Arabia, and 1 in 700 in Egypt in Egypt, while the incidence rate in China is 2/1000, 0.83/1000 in India and it is 1:1700 in Australia (due to high termination rate). Therefore, the above data informs that prevalence and incidence rate is higher in Arab countries. There are various reasons identified for high incidence and prevalence. One of the religious or cultural reason is that Arab people believe in making large families and giving birth to many children. Giving birth to many children through Consanguineous marriages affects the chromosomes and results in creating genetic anomalies. Also one reasons are that mother keep giving birth to children even after t he age of 40 and age is a significant risk factor. Therefore, maternal age affects the health and well-being of the children. Due to contemporary changes in the culture and society, one reason is that women are also now taking an active part in economy. Women are participating in receiving higher education and are making careers. This restricts them to give birth to children in early or appropriate age. Also, in many part of the Arab world, the population is still tribal and are uneducated. Therefore, they lack the significance of understanding the disease, disadvantages of giving birth to many children and understanding the importance of antenatal screening. The hereditary problems and genetic disorder in the tribal people increases the overall burden of the disease. Also, it has been found that 50% of the children that are born with the down syndrome disorder are born to mothers, who are 40 years or above in age. There is a significant gap in the literature, regarding the prevalence and major risk factors associated with it. It has also been found that there is a lack of extensive healthcare programs, campaigns and interventions that could encourage women more towards antenatal and premarital screening about chromosomal abnormality. The nation where the risk is higher and as it is scientifically proved, it becomes very significant to increase the awareness of people. There is also a lack of healthcare counselling that could be provides to the couples, in order to enhance their knowledge about this genetic disorder. Therefore, there is a significant loop hole on policy level. Another problem is identified on the social and legal level. For example, termination of pregnancy is not legally and religious allowed in the Arab countries, even when a ruling in 1990 allowed the termination of pregnancy in the first 120days, if the fetus was found to be significantly affected by sever malformation that could not be even improved after the treatment. However, people are still restricted from terminating pregnancy. Therefore, there is requirement of making a strong law and policy that could address such problem and may also help in reducing the prevalence of down syndrome in Arab countries. A family oriented approach is required to be designed and applied that could help in informing people about the risks of giving birth to large number of children and how proper screening approaches can benefit them in having healthy children. Also, the clinical screening of the new born can help the clinicians in detecting the abnormalities. This way parents could be better prepa red to take care of such children and provide them better environment. Increasing the awareness of parents and people in community can help in better inclusion of such children in community. References Standard Journal Articles Acikbas, I., Tomatir, A. G., Akdag, B., Koksal, A. (2012). Retrospective analysis of live birth prevalence of children with Down syndrome in Denizli, Turkey.Genet Mol Res,11(4), 4640-5. Aburawi, E. H., Nagelkerke, N., Deeb, A., Abdulla, S., Abdulrazzaq, Y. M. (2015). National growth charts for United Arab Emirates children with Down syndrome from birth to 15 years of age.Journal of epidemiology,25(1), 20-29. Al-Biltagi, M. (2015). Down syndrome from Epidemiologic Point of View.EC Paediatrics,2, 82-91. (PubMed) Al-Gazali, L., Hamamy, H., Al-Arrayad, S. (2006). Genetic disorders in the Arab world.Bmj,333(7573), 831-834.(PubMed) Al-Kindi, S. G., Al-Juhaishi, T., Al-Saffar, A. J. (2012). Community attitudes towards people with downs syndrome: A sample from Iraq.Public Health Research,2(4), 102-105. AlSalloum, A., ElMouzan, M. I., AlHerbish, A., AlOmer, A., Qurashib, M. (2015). Prevalence of selected congenital anomalies in Saudi children: a community-based study.Annals of Saudi medicine,35(2). (PubMed) Dekker, A. D., De Deyn, P. P., Rots, M. G. (2017). Epigenetics and Down syndrome. InNeuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics(pp. 163-184). Hamamy, H., Antonarakis, S. E., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Temtamy, S., Romeo, G., Ten Kate, L. P., ... Bathija, H. (2011). Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva international consanguinity workshop report.Genetics in Medicine,13(9), 841. (PubMed) Korayem, M. A., AlKofide, E. A. (2013). Characteristics of Down syndrome subjects in a Saudi sample.The Angle Orthodontist,84(1), 30-37. (PubMed) Sherman, S. L., Allen, E. G., Bean, L. H., Freeman, S. B. (2007). Epidemiology of Down syndrome.Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,13(3), 221-227. (PubMed) Spencer, K. (2014). Screening for Down syndrome.Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation,74(sup244), 41-47. (PubMed) Electronic Material Centre for Arab Genomic Studies. (2013). Down Syndrome in the Arab world. Retrieved from https://www.cags.org.ae/Down%20Syndrome-English.pdf

Pros and Cons of Global Warming Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Global Warming Paper These gases trap radiation from sun and hold them from being released back into space. This causes rise in temperature at few places on earth. It is not much noticeable in western part of earth but in eastern parts like North Pole, Alaska and others slight increase in temperatures makes a huge difference. Scientists believe that if current situation continues many kinds of changes will take place which can be either beneficial or harmful for the living beings. Global Warming: Disadvantages Global warming can have more of the adverse effect. Some of them can be summarized in following points: Global warming melts the ice peaks which increase the level of sea. Increase in sea level greatly disturbs the marine life . Precipitation patterns changes turning lush green areas to dry lands Increase in sea level also results floods in low-lying areas and hence loss of life and property in large numbers Cause changes in weather patterns creating storms, super storms and raciness to appear. Global warming also gives rise to many types of allergies, asthma The continuous drying of forest leads them on fire which destroys natural resources greatly. Global Warming can bring about a severe change in atmosphere which could lead to loss of human and animal life and would also affect natural resources greatly. Global Warming: Advantages Although, Global Warming has more number of disadvantages it few of the advantages too. Some of them are: Lands of acute cold can now experience milder climate and some plant growth too. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since the temperatures in frozen zones will go down less consumption of energy will be required to warm them. The increase in growing season will also increase the productivity of the crop. Increase in floods will result in carrying large amount of silt to distant areas which will result in making barren lands at distant place productive. Huge amount of money which is spent on cleaning up of road blockage due to high snow fall will be saved. We are all entitled to our own opinion. Good, bad, it something that we take serious. Opinions are strong, and some opinions may sway others. But you and only you can tell yourself what to believe. There are always going to be changes in the world, and we have to be ready. Even if global warming itself is untrue, the effects and the condition of our world arent the best and thats a fact. We can all do our part in keeping our world healthy and clean. Things as easy as recycling. Little things go a long way.